摘要:農地乃重要的生物棲地,亦提供許多重要的生態系服務,因此農業生態系之保育已成全球永續發展的重要議題之一。2000年生物多樣性公約將生物多樣性保育概念納入農業發展 (Programme of Work on Agricultural Biodiversity, PoW AgBD)。也因此,制定適切的農業環境指標來維持農業生物多樣性也成為近年來聯合國生物多樣性公約締約方大會 (Conservation on Biological Diversity, COP) 的主軸之一。台灣農地佔地遼闊,約佔台灣島總面積的23%,然而都市化導致農田地景與棲地破碎化,導致許多生物流離失所,台灣的生物多樣性大幅降低。若能釐清台灣農田所提供的生態系統服務(如生物防治)及相關機制,將可提供台灣發展永續農業所需的基礎資訊,並進一步維護台灣的生物多樣性。因此,本計畫透過四大架構,整合七項子計畫以使彼此間協調並互補,以達成健全農村生態系及服務功能之策略發展與操作模式之宗旨。此四大架構包括:A. 增進農業生產地景多樣性與復原能力、B. 以棲地營造提升水稻田之農業生物多樣性與生態系統服務功能、C. 增進農村社區調適能力與協同經營、D. 加速政策與國際生態農業趨勢接軌。四大架構下的七項子計畫條列如下: (一)農村地景破碎對生態系統服務影響之評估 (林裕彬教授) (二)國際生態農業政策與策略 (林裕彬教授) (三)農村水域環境永續發展及水體品質確保 (范致豪教授) (四)水稻田環境節肢動物多樣性與豐度調查與指標物種建立 (蔡志偉副教授) (五)量化與促進農田生態系統服務 (何傳愷副教授) (六)田間微氣候環境量測 (黃國倉副教授) (七)農村鑲嵌地景生態系統文化服務評估 (彭立沛副教授) 透過以上子計畫監測指標物種評估水稻田之生態系統服務功能健全程度,輔以分析水體品質、測量並分析農田微氣候環境,加上探討生態、經濟及社會的永續經營等議題,將能發展適切本土農業之創新策略與行動。同時,藉由比較國外生態農業政策,本計畫成果將能成為我國生態農業政策或指導方針的重要依據。 本計畫所預期能達成之效益為: (一)農業生態系的盤點與展示:此目標將完成 1) 苗栗地區和花蓮地區地景破碎化之改變分析,提供農田破碎化制訂農村環境與農田管理政策及措施;2) 比較苗栗地區及彰化地區慣行農法與有機農法間昆蟲相之差異,分析物種生存環境與豐度;3) 瞭解景觀組成與空間配置對水田節肢動物之影響;4) 整合各個子計畫產出之相關資料進行分析與討論,以研擬農村生態系及服務功能之策略發展與操作模式;5) 統整106-109年度水稻田節肢動物調查資料,並整合地景、水質、微氣候、食物鏈分析等資料來評估不同農法對水稻田節肢動物多樣性與豐度之影響。農業生態系觀念之宣導:此目標將完成 1) 建構不同農田地景之節肢動物多樣性資料庫,並了解農田生物與周邊地景之交互作用,供防疫單位及農民應用於病蟲害防治,間接促進農民能因生態環境建構,減少農藥使用量;2) 建立反映農法差異之指標物種並推廣有機耕作稻米品牌;3) 藉由蒐集之環境資訊,結合電腦模擬技術,針對灌溉水體環境進行各種改善策略之模擬,並藉由電腦演算獲得更具體推估成果,以作為後續水體品質提升之重要參考;4) 本研究著重在台灣的農業系統,可與溫帶系統的歐盟LEGATO與熱帶系統的IRRI形成互補,增加跨國團隊整合與交流的機會。此外,本計畫將使用新穎的方法(棲地營造與穩定同位素)來促進與量化農田生態系統服務(生物防治),可增加國際研究團隊與台灣團隊合作與交流的興趣;5) 本研究針對台灣稻田發展促進生物防治機制的方法,預期可增加生物防治的相關效益,幫助農民減少蟲害,其成果可提供環境友善耕地經營、永續農業生產作為參考;6) 完成稻作成活期、分櫱期、抽穗開花期、黃熟期的生物防治天敵調查,並量化生物防治的捕食害蟲效益,可幫助台灣農業建立稻田生物防治機制的基礎資訊。 (二)農村社區之生態農業發展:此目標將完成 1) 與苗栗農業改良場、農糧署北區分署與新竹林區管理處等跨部門單位合作,進行生態農業倡議行動之協同平台規劃,提供苗栗於生態農業推動上相關資源管道與溝通平台;2) 藉由正式辦理並進入「多元權益關係人跨域協作平台」,將有助於其他西部農村之推動生態農業之協同規劃之實務參考;3) 推升臺灣於農村與農業生態永續發展科技研發之國際能見度及人才培育,並增進國際對臺灣農業生態研究之了解與支持度。 (三)本計畫結合地理資訊、環境工程、農業生產、土地資源規劃利用、大眾傳播推廣、農業政策制訂等相關領域之專業人才共同執行,可為跨領域合作應用於農村生態永續發展之典範計畫。
Abstract: Farmland plays crucial roles on sustaining biodiversity and also provides important ecosystem services, so the conservation of permaculture has become one of the most important issues on worldwide sustainability. In 2000 Convention on Biological Diversity introduces the concept of agricultural biodiversity conservation and coins into “Programme of Work on Agricultural Biodiversity” (PoW AgBD). In response, setting up appropriate indexes to monitor agricultural biodiversity has become one of the main goals in (Conservation on Biological Diversity, COP). In Taiwan, farmlands account for about 23% of the whole island, a considerable large area which is hard to ignore for sustainable development. However, the expansion of urbanization as well as fragmentation of farmlands induce lower biodiversity and arise many environmental issues in Taiwan. Therefore, it is necessary to clarify the ecosystem and related services of farmland in Taiwan find out useful information to Taiwan permaculture and therefore increase the biodiversity of farmlands. To address this issue, the program sets up 4 frameworks and integrates 7 mini-programs for achievement. The four frameworks include: Promote the landscape diversity and its resilience in farmland; Increase both biodiversity and ecosystem services of paddy fields by habitat development; Enhance the local community`s development and management;Proceed the synchronization of governmental policies and international trends of permaculture. The seven mini-projects include: 1. Evaluation of the impact of landscape fragmentation on rural communities. 2. International policies and strategies on permaculture. 3. Sustainable development of water environment and health water quality in rural areas. 4. The diversity and abundance of arthropods in rice fields and identification of indicator species. 5. Evaluation and promotion of ecosystem services in farmlands. 6. Investigation of microclimate in farmlands. 7. Evaluation of cultural services for mosaic rural ecosystems. By practicing the seven mini-programs the program will investigate index species, health of water system, microclimate, and the sustainable management of eco-, socio-, and economical aspects of paddy fields and develop appropriate innovative policies and practices in Taiwan. In the meantime, the program will also compare both permacultural policies of Taiwan and other countries and provide importance references for future policies on sustainability in Taiwan. The expected results of the program include: Systematic investigation of agricultural ecosystems in Taiwan: (1) Analyze the change on landscape fragmentation in Miaoli and Hualien and provide farmland fragmentation to formulate policies for rural areas. (2) Compare the biodiversity and abundance of arthropods in both conventional farming organic farming in Miaoli and Changhua. (3) Understand the impact of landscape composition and spatial configuration on arthropods in paddy fields. (4) Integrate relevant data from each mini-program and develop strategies for rural ecosystems and service. (5) Evaluate the impact of different farming methods on arthropod diversity and abundance in the rice field by integrating annual arthropod survey data with those of landscape, water quality, microclimate, and food chain. Promotion of agroecosystem in Taiwan: (1) Construct a database of arthropod diversity from different farmland landscapes, and understand the interactions between farmland organisms and surrounding landscapes, which will be useful for the control of pests and diseases indirectly reduce pesticide use, a good policy to restore biodiversity in farmland. (2) Establish indicator species that can reflect the differences in farming methods, and therefore promote organic farming rice brands. (3) Based on the environmental information and computer simulation modeling, increase the water quality for irrigation. (4) Compare the agricultural system of Taiwan, of LEGATO in temperate Europe, and of the IRRI in the tropical areas for experience exchange. In addition, the project will use novel methods to evaluate and promote farmland ecosystem services (e.g. biological control). (5) This study aims at the methods of promoting biological control mechanisms for the sustainable development of rice fields in Taiwan by reducing pests. 6) Complete the investigation of biological control of the rice growing stage, tillering stage, heading and flowering stage, and yellow ripening stage and establish informative biological control of agriculture in Taiwan. Development of permaculture in rural communities in Taiwan: (1) Organize a platform for eco-agriculture promotion by cooperating with Miaoli Agricultural Improvement Farm, the North Division of Agriculture and Food Administration, and the Hsinchu Forest District Management Office. The platform will provide Miaoli informative resources and channels to manage permaculture. (2) By utilizing the "multi-stakeholder cross-domain collaboration platform," the program will help other western rural communities in Taiwan to promote the collaborative planning on permaculture. (3) Promote Taiwan experience on sustainable management and expert training in agriculture internationally. This program will recruit experts from diverse disciplines including geographic information, environmental engineering, agricultural production, planning and utilization of land resource, public communication and promotion, agricultural policy formulation, etc., and will be a model for transdisciplinary cooperation in the future.