The Distributions of Emerging Contaminant,1,4-Dioxane, in the Environment

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Project title/計畫英文名

Project Number/計畫編號

NSC100-2621-M002-008

Translated Name/計畫中文名

有害物質管理與風險評估研究-新興污染物1,4-dioxane之風險評估與治理對策-新興污染物1,4-Dioxane環境流佈分析研究(I)

Project Principal Investigator/計畫主持人

SHIH-WEI TSAI

Funding Organization

National Science and Technology Council

Website

link

Start date/計畫起

01-08-2011

Expected Completion/計畫迄

12-07-2012

摘要：根據統計，市面上使用的化學物質超過 10 萬種；由於化學物質種類繁多，因此如何列出管理優先清單便成為首要工作。目前包括環保署之毒性化學物質篩選機制、勞委會的有害物、危險物及特化物管理、消防署的公共危險物品管理、及農委會的農藥管理等，主要著重在登記、許可、申報及查核等重點；而對於化學物質的環境流佈(除了環保署毒管處有部分資料之外)及風險評估等資料則相當不足。因此，針對國內潛在的有害物質進行有計畫的風險評估並加以管理，顯然有其必要性。近年來國內重要且已知高度風險的化學物質，如含氯（如Dioxin, PCB）、溴（如PBDE）、氟（如全氟辛烷磺酸，PFOS）等有機污染物及環境荷爾蒙（如NP, phthalate 及Bisphenol A 等）均已展開研究；因此，本團隊將另採取預警原則，選取國外受到高度關注的新興污染物，或被國內環保署列為毒化物須進行運作登記及使用量亦大的化學物質作為候選化學物質的重點方向，進行整合研究，以發掘潛在風險並提供暴露控制及管理對策。考量暴露的致癌風險、其廣泛存在於各種環境介質以及不易被生物降解等特性，本整合型計畫首先將先針對有害物質二氧陸圜(1,4-dioxane)進行風險評估與治理對策研究。二氧陸圜(1,4-dioxane)被廣泛用於工業上，而近年來由於發現二氧陸圜普遍存在於各種不同的環境介質，因此美國環保署將其列為新興污染物(emerging contaminants )；而歐洲貿易聯盟亦將二氧陸圜列入高生產量化學物質(High Production Volume Chemicals; HPVC)的Priority List 中。美國環保署之所以將 1,4-dioxane 列為新興污染物，主要原因為近年來研究發現其普遍存在於各種不同的環境介質之中(包括地下水)，而其暴露亦有造成癌症的風險 (1,4-dioxane 被NIOSH、ACGIH及USEPA 等單位歸類為疑似人類致癌物)。另一方面，1,4-dioxane 具有極溶於水、在環境中的移動性極高(mobility)、在環境中亦不易被生物分解等特性，因此其相關之環境監測及污染控制等，仍具有挑戰性。除了環境水體之外，1,4-dioxane 也常見於一般化妝品、洗滌劑及洗髮精之中；由於其可能存在於地下水及自來水之中，因此包括淋浴、洗澡及洗滌等活動皆可能造成1,4-dioxane 的暴露。目前1,4-dioxane 在環境流佈狀況之掌握非常不足，而國內除了仍大量使用之外，包括：空氣、飲用水及食物中的含量與濃度資料等仍無任何記錄。另一方面，雖然國內自99 年元月起已禁止1,4-dioxane 作為化妝品之原料，但文獻指出1,4-dioxane 很容易於ethoxylation 反應中以副產物(by-product)的方式形成；換言之，包括使用離子型(anionic)、及非離子型(non-ionic)界面活性劑(surfactant)的各種日常民生消費用品中(包括：化妝品、洗滌劑、洗髮精、及乳液等)，都可能造成二氧陸圜的暴露，而需要釐清是否致癌的機會。基於上述說明，本子計畫將配合整合研究計畫「有害物質管理與風險評估研究-新興污染物1,4-Dioxane之風險評估與治理對策」之需求，希望藉由兩年計劃的執行，達到以下目的，包括：(1) 以固相微萃取技術(solid phase microextraction; SPME) 配合微波輔助萃取(microwave assistedextraction; MAE) 並藉由二維式氣相層析飛行式時間質譜儀(two dimensional gaschromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry; GCXGC-TOFMS)之偵測，建立方便、敏感及準確的水中1,4-dioxane分析方法(2) 以 SPME 配合 MAE 並藉由GCXGC-TOFMS之偵測，建立方便、敏感及準確的日常民生消費用品中1,4-dioxane分析方法(包括：化妝品、洗髮精、清潔劑等)(3) 將所建立的分析方法應用於水體樣本、及日常民生消費用品中1,4-dioxane之檢測，以建立環境樣本之濃度數據(4) 以實際檢測數據配合Fugacity Model、多介質環境模式，模擬推估1,4-dioxane 環境流佈情形(5) 以所建立之環境流佈狀況，配合人體暴露參數，評估1,4-dioxane之暴露狀況
Abstract: Many widely used chemicals are identified as emerging contaminants, since they are oftenexisted in various kinds of environmental medium. For example, 1,4-dioxane which is a suspectedhuman carcinogen is listed as one of the emerging contaminants by the USEPA because it can bedetected almost everywhere in the environment. Besides, 1,4-dioxane is also included by theEuropean Union as one of the High Production Volume Chemicals (HPVC). In Taiwan, the annualconsumption of 1,4-dioxane in the industries is relatively high, according to the chemicalmanagement system of Taiwan EPA.The exposures of 1,4-dioxane cause concern because it is a suspected carcinogen and it canbe found in drinking water, detergents, and cosmetics. Since there is no data available on the riskassessment of 1,4-dioxane in Taiwan, there is a need to clarify all the concerns raised before areasonable risk management strategy for 1,4-dioxane can be applied in the future.This is a two years joint-project which will focus on the developing of analytical methods for1,4-dioxane in water samples as well as in cosmetics and detergents. Besides, the distributions of1,4-dioxane in different environmental matrix will also be determined. The purposes of this researchare: (1) to develop the analytical method for 1,4-dioxane in water sample by SPME (solid phasemicroextraction) with MAE (microwave assisted extraction) through the analysis byGCXGC-TOFMS (two dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry )(8/2011~7/2012); (2) to develop the analytical method for 1,4-dioxane in cosmetics and detergentsby SPME with MAE through the analysis by GCXGC-TOFMS (8/2011~7/2012); (3) to determine theconcentrations of 1,4-dioxane in different environmental samples, including water, cosmetics, anddetergents in Taiwan (8/2012~7/2013); (4) to develop a model to predict the concentrations andenvironmental fates of 1,4-dioxane in Taiwan (8/2012~7/2013); (5) to assess the possible exposuresof 1,4-dioxane in Taiwan (8/2012~7/2013).

Keyword(s)

固相微萃取
三氯乙烷
二氧陸圜
鄰苯二甲酸酯
SPME
1,1,1-Trichloroethane
1,4-Dioxane
Phthalates

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The Distributions of Emerging Contaminant,1,4-Dioxane, in the Environment

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