摘要:近幾十年,大學裡的授權、專利與新創活動一直很活躍。傳統上,大學的建立是為了教育和研究知識和智慧財產權的創造和分享。近年來,大學第三個任務浪潮興起,使得大學涉及在社會經濟發展中的角色與作用引起廣泛的討論與注意(Etzkowitz, Webster, Gebhardt and Terra 2000; Laredo 2007; Gulbrandsen and Slipersaeter 2007)。在影響社會和促進地方和區域發展及經濟成長的意義上,大學比以往任何時候都更具創業精神(Slaughter和Leslie 1997; Clark 1998,2001; Etzkowitz 2003,2004; Gibb and Hannon 2006)。最引人注目的案例是史丹佛大學和北加州矽谷的UC系統以及麻州波士頓大都會區128號公路附近的麻省理工學院。在亞洲,一個著名的案例是北京中關村的清華大學。本研究旨在了解中國大陸與美國的兩所一流大學如何在不同的制度環境下發展其獨特的技術轉移與商業化系統,以促進創新和創業。透過從政治系統、商業系統和技術系統的制度觀點,本研究探討北京清華大學和史丹佛大學如何發展其技術轉移和商業化體系,並對兩個大學案例的實踐異同進行比較和分析。
本研究使用的方法是個案研究和跨案例分析。考慮兩個個案研究的不同背景,本研究採用多重案例研究方法(Yin 2003; Stake 2006),以便可以在每個環境設定和不同環境設定中進行分析。在討論研究問題時,焦點被放在論述社會鑲嵌於在地情境與脈絡中的現象(Granovetter 1992; Clegg 1994)和參與其中的行動者及其策略(DiMaggio 1988; Oliver 1991; Scott 1995; Hung和Wittington 1997)。
制度同構的影響可能導致同一國家的大學表現相似。然而,擁有相對較多自主性和資源的大學可以使其有較特殊且卓越的表現。透過研究這兩所一流大學,我們希望從理論上探討制度與策略之間的相互作用,觀看制度環境是否在塑造大學發展策略中發揮關鍵作用。我們期望透過了解中國大陸和美國不同的制度背景,建構對創業型大學的獨特性的理解,並為大學行政管理者和政策制定者提供處理大學在創業生態系統中發揮關鍵作用的意涵。
Abstract: In recent decades, the activities in licensing, patenting, and start-up companies in universities have been prosperous. Traditionally, universities are established for its mission in teaching and research for the creation and sharing of knowledge and intellectual property. In recent years, a third mission came across to the role of university in socio-economic development (Etzkowitz, Webster, Gebhardt and Terra 2000; Laredo 2007; Gulbrandsen and Slipersaeter 2007). Universities become more entrepreneurial than ever before in a sense of making impacts on society and contributing on local and regional development and economic growth (Slaughter and Leslie 1997; Clark 1998, 2001; Etzkowitz 2003, 2004; Gibb and Hannon 2006). The most conspicuous cases are Stanford University and the UC System in Silicon Valley in Northern California and Massachusetts Institute of Technology around Route 128 at Boston metropolitan region in Massachusetts. In Asia, a famous case is Tsinghua University in Zhongguancun, Beijing. In this study, we are interested in looking at two leading universities in China and USA for how they have developed its distinctive technology transfer and commercialization system for nourishing innovation and entrepreneurship under different institutional environments. The study is to examine how Tsinghua University and Stanford University develop their technology transfer and commercialization system from the institutional perspective of political system, business system and technological system and to compare and analyze the two university cases for the similarities and differences of their practices.
The basic methodology used for this study is case studies and cross-case analysis. Considering the different contexts of the two case studies, we adopt multiple-case studies method (Yin 2003; Stake 2006) so that analysis can be drawn within each setting and across settings. While discussing the issue that we address in this study, much has been put on the stress on social embeddedness within local contexts (Granovetter 1992; Clegg 1994) as well as the account of actors and strategy (DiMaggio 1988; Oliver 1991; Scott 1995; Hung and Wittington 1997).
The effect of institutional isomorphism may lead the universities in the same country behave similar. However, universities with relatively more autonomous and resources can differentiate themselves to be distinctive and outstanding from others. By studying the two leading universities, we would like to explore theoretically the interaction between institution and strategy, in terms of whether the institutional environment plays a crucial role in shaping the university’s development strategy. We expect to bring together an understanding of the uniqueness of entrepreneurial university under Chinese and American contexts and provide an implication to university administrators and policy-makers to deal with the key role of university played in the entrepreneurial ecosystem.