摘要:口腔液體為毒品辨識及定量測試的替換基質,可應用於非臨床或實驗室環境下檢測。相較於採血或尿液,使用唾液具備便宜、快速、低傳染風險等優點,而且非侵入式樣品採集使得採樣過程容易在監視下進行,避免需要私密空間等造成樣本採樣過程被調換造假等問題。此外唾液能反應近期毒品使用,並與自由血清中毒品濃度有相對關係。
串聯式質譜儀可在少量唾液樣品中執行多種毒品分析、並提供高正確性檢驗結果。然而檢測過程複雜且耗時、設備體積大、及動力需求等因素限制此系統用於遠距檢測。目前可攜式唾液檢測產品可提供符合標準檢測臨界值的檢測能力,但無法完全達到高數據重複性、簡單操作、相同唾液採樣量與高回復率、高靈敏度和高專一性等關鍵要素。
本計劃提出利用微流體試紙分析平臺,可在郊外做唾液採樣,並進行高效篩選與監控是否吸食毒品後進行駕駛的情況。本檢測系統將包含四氫大麻酚、鴉片、安非他命、古柯鹼、及苯二氮平類等藥物測試。系統由以下組成, (一)固定量且高回復率唾液收集,(二)篩選高專一性的免疫抗體,(三) 試紙分析平臺製造以及特徵化,(四)偵測平臺表面改質使高密度抗體接附於上,及(五)抗非專一性貼附塑膠元件封裝,提供一耐用且快速的現場毒品檢測平臺。
Abstract: Oral fluid has been demonstrated as an adequate alternative matrix for drugs identifying and quantifying tests in workplace, clinical treatment, drug rehabilitation center, criminal justice and driving under the influence of drugs (DUID) settings. The drug tests using oral fluid instead of blood and urine possess various advantages such as inexpensive, rapid, infection risk is lower than for blood sample, and noninvasive of sample collection, which can be easily observed to avoid the need for private facilities and same-sex collectors and decrease adulteration. In addition, oral fluid is better reflect recent drug use and reflects free plasma concentrations, providing a better correlation with pharmacodynamic effects.
Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and gas chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) are the most delegated equipment performing high accurate analysis of multiple compounds in a limited oral fluid volume. However, the complex sample preparation using liquid-liquid extraction or solid-state extraction, time consuming detection processes, bulky size of equipment and power sources requirement confined the possibility of on-site tests. There are some commercial portable oral fluid test devices have been developed and available on market providing satisfactory detection ability to achieve the requirement of detection limit of certain drugs. Nevertheless, these devices are not able to achieve all the critical factors such as high device-to-device data reproducibility, simple operation, consistent oral fluid volume collection, high drug recovery from collectors and high sensitive and specific drug detection hinder their applications for onsite judgment.
A novel oral fluid testing platform based on microfluidic paper‐based analytical devices (µPAD) is proposed for on-site high-throughput monitoring of DUID. 5 major drugs tests including Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), opioids, amphetamines, cocaine, benzodiazepines will be studied and integrated in the system. A key advantage of the proposed technology is the ability to simultaneously and effectively measure low concentration of multiple drug compounds in oral fluid without the need of complex equipment, power sources and long processing time. The detection system will provide key elements including (a) adequate, consistent and high recovery oral fluid collection without dilution, (b) selection of antibodies for high-specific immunoassay screening of specific drug classes, (c) high sensitive and high throughput µPAD fabrication and characterization for capturing and concentrating abused drugs in oral fluid, (d) surface modification for high density of different types of antibodies binding on cellulose substrates, and (e) low-fouling microfluidic plastic cartridge to package the µPAD sensing area, offering a robust and rapid solution for on-site drug screening.