Coregonines have specific ecological needs, making them potentially very vulnerable to changes in lake conditions. A contemporary concern is that many lakes worldwide are experiencing environmental changes due to anthropogenic pressure and climate warming. Here, we compiled long-term data of coregonine catches from 27 lakes from three continents in the northern hemisphere. Declines in catch were observed in 67% of the lakes during the first two decades of the 21st century, with a significant trend (p-value<0.05) in 44% of the cases. An analysis to determine whether trends are globally linked to environmental conditions and specific lake attributes was carried out on 26 lakes for the period 2000-2019. Several local declines in catches had already been documented in the literature and are likely to be due to local forcing such as nutrients, species invasions and changes in fishing practices. Nevertheless, on a global scale, our results indicate that lakes, which exhibited a significant decrease in catch were larger and more nutrient-poor than other lakes. The rate of change in catches appeared to be related to the trophic state of the lake. The specific effect of warming is difficult to determine during the studied period. When warming occurred outside the period of egg incubation, decreasing trends were more frequently observed in nutrient-poor than in mesotrophic lakes. In conclusion, our findings suggest that achieving oligo- or ultraoligotrophic conditions, as required in developed countries to control phytoplankton blooms and enhance water quality, could pose significant challenges for future management of coregonine fisheries.

Stress leads to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in plants, which causes oxidative stress and DNA damage. Studies have demonstrated that oxidative stress leads to rapid increases in tRNA degradation. However, the function of tRNA-derived small RNAs (tsRNA) in plants under oxidative stress has seldom been evaluated. This study investigated the short tsRNAs called tRNA fragments (tRFs) in rice roots treated with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2). Small RNA sequencing and RT-qPCR revealed the rapid increases in the expression levels of tRF-ArgTCG-5, comprising 19 nt, in rice seedling under H2O2 treatment. Degradome sequencing data indicated that tRF-ArgTCG-5 bound to the 3’ untranslated region of the OsIIP5 transcript and cleaved it at the noncanonical sites. Agrobacterium transient assay in tobacco leaves demonstrated that tRF-ArgTCG-5 inhibited the expression of GFP fused to the tRF-ArgTCG-5 binding site of OsIIP5, revealing a post-transcriptional regulatory relationship between tRF-ArgTCG-5 and OsIIP5. ABA treatment and nitrogen deficiency played roles in the regulation of OsIIP5 expression. In addition, rice seedlings with a mutation in OsIIP5 exhibited low spikelet fertility. Conclusively, H2O2 treatment led to the rapid accumulation of tRF-ArgTCG-5 in rice plants, and the accumulated tRF-ArgTCG-5 inhibited the expression of its target OsIIP5. OsIIP5 may contribute to rice grain yield.

Corticosteroid is effective in alleviating immune-related adverse events (irAEs) of immune checkpoint blockade (ICB). However, prophylactic use of corticosteroid to prevent irAEs is not recommended due to a looming concern that it may attenuate anti-tumor effect of ICB. This study aims to investigate whether corticosteroid premedication may compromise anti-tumor efficacy of dual ICB, a regimen that may cause significant irAEs.

Here we report polyoxometalate (POM) condensation or transformation reactions mediated by adaptive coordination-assembled molecular flasks. Addition of Na2SiO3 to the (Mo6O19)2⊂1·(NO3)8 complex containing Lindquist-type clusters as guests leads to the formation of a new (SiMo12O40)⊂2·(NO3)8 host-guest complex, where the in situ generated Keggin-type cluster served as a trigger for the host transformation from cage 1 to isomeric bowl 2. Conversion from 1 to 2 driven by the in situ condensation was found to be 27.5-fold faster than the direct templation with independently prepared SiMo12O404−. As a comparison, cage 1 was noticed to bind only one W6O192− cluster in its cavity, and the formation of (W10O32)⊂2·(NO3)8 as the main product and (SiW12O40)⊂2·(NO3)8 as the minor host-guest complex was observed when it was used for the above condensation reaction, highlighting the crucial role of encapsulation in cavity-confined POM transformations. The reaction processes and the final structure of all the new host-guest complexes have been investigated by NMR, ESI-TOF-MS and SCXRD. Our findings not only showcase a unique example of inorganic-reaction-driven responsive supramolecular system, but also provide a new approach for the preparation of functional POMs⊂cage composite materials.

Pei-Lin Lee serves as Clinical Associate Professor, School of Medicine, National Taiwan University; Consultant, Center of Sleep Disorder, National Taiwan University Hospital. Her current academic positions at international sleep societies include American Academy of Sleep Medicine Fellow and Co-Chair International Assembly; Asian Society of Sleep Medicine, Sleep Medicine Education Task Force committee member. Her current research focuses on the era of new technology and big data in sleep medicine; and intervention on sleep and metabolism in sleep disordered breathing.