摘要： 近年來，全球各國農村地區受都市化、氣候變遷以及慣行農法對環境非友善之生產方式等影響，使農業生產環境不穩定、生物多樣性喪失，農業生態系統之供給、調節、文化與支持等服務功能(ecosystem service)受到衝擊，已嚴重威脅農業之生產、生活與生態三生功能之永續性，以及糧食之生產與供給。伴隨而來的環境負荷增加、能源資源消耗等問題，使得地球永續發展的議題廣受重視，農業發展於本質與類型上都遭遇嚴峻的挑戰。而在其中，水是農業生產環境及生態系統中最重要的元素之一，為健全農村生態及環境發展不可或缺的關鍵物質，然而現況之氣候變遷問題導致極端氣候事件發生頻繁，工業化產生的廢污未能妥善處置，嚴重影響農業水資源之穩定供給。如無法維持農村水環境品質與生態平衡，除了對農民生計造成影響，亦將直接或間接改變農村現有之生態環境，對農業生產環境與農業生態系統造成威脅。
本年度計畫將更進一步確認農業環境中的環境品質現況，以及周遭環境所存在的威脅。藉由所蒐集獲得之環境資訊，對環境進行模擬，各種改善策略可能產生環境品質提升效果。該些成果可作為後續農業發展及其品質提升的重要參考，不僅提供農作物生長所需，亦為維持生態平衡、調節農村氣候的重要工作。農田為生物的重要棲地，亦提供許多重要的生態系統服務，藉由釐清農田在臺灣的生態系統服務(如生物防治)，可提供發展臺灣永續農業策略所需的基礎資訊。本研究將量化農地空間的景觀指數(Landscape metrics)，結合水田微氣候、水文、水理及水質資料、農業生態系統服務的多元利害關係人參之訪談資料、水稻田食物鏈(網)資料，以及水稻田環境昆蟲多樣性量測資料進行現地調查水稻田生物防治的機制與效益。本研究著重在亞熱帶(臺灣)的農業系統，預期可與溫帶系統的LEGATO與熱帶系統的IRRI形成互補，並可透過研究成果分享增加跨國團隊整合與交流的機會。本計畫研究獲得之成果可做為未來農業政策發展及執行的基礎，結合地理資訊、環境工程、農業生產、土地資源規劃利用、大眾傳播推廣、農業政策制訂等相關領域之專業人才共同執行，可為跨領域合作應用於農村生態永續發展之典範計畫。
健全的農業生態系統，不僅是人類食物與生計所繫，同時也供應纖維、燃料、藥物等原料，維護著土壤肥力和水土涵養、碳吸存、調節氣候、提供生物棲地等多項生態系服務。在其中，水稻田不僅具有生產糧食之功能，亦為極其重要的農業生態系統，可提供生態系統服務，它更是一種潛在碳匯(potential carbon sink)，可促進農業生態環境系統之永續經營；面臨各種環境衝擊之困境，種種因素導致農田地景與棲地破碎化，而土地的破碎化將對生態系統服務及生態功能造成巨大的衝擊，同時，農業生態系統中潛在碳匯對於節能減碳之貢獻也將造成負面影響，因此，定量與評估水稻田對區域性微氣候之影響以及對於碳吸存之貢獻度，進而透過水質、水量、碳吸存等相關資料分析生態系統服務與功能，將是一件相當困難的任務。本計畫針對土地與農田破碎化對生態系統服務與功能之影響進行深度探討，期望透過分析討論我國現況農業發展與永續生態農業之落差這項關鍵議題，分析各領域所造成之影響以及改善非永續的農業政策、法規與相關操作，不僅可幫助增加農民農作收益，同時也制訂農村環境與農田管理政策及措施，並使我國的農業邁向兼顧環境、社會與經濟的永續農業。
本計畫之研究領域包括水田微氣候、水文、水理及水質資料、農業生態系統服務的多元利害關係人參之訪談資料、水稻田食物鏈(網)資料，以及水稻田環境昆蟲多樣性量測資料進行現地調查，針對不同領域分析及討論；除可分析研究區域內之生態系統服務與功能以及土地利用情形與農田破碎化之影響，並可依據現地調查資料，分析研究區域微氣候特性及水文、水質及水理特性，並針對水稻田食物鏈(網)及水稻田環境昆蟲多樣性進行分析。此外，本計畫也透過選定之三處示範點進行農村之社區調查與質性深入訪談，可了解多元權益關係人對水稻田生態系統服務的看法，以建構農業生態系統服務的多元權益關係人的參與因素與指標。本計畫同時亦將收集與分析國際間推動永續農業 (sustainable agriculture)、生態農業(eco-agriculture)、農業生態(agro-ecology)、里山倡議 (Satoyama Initiative) 等相關政策與策略之內容，訪談其他專家學者與實務工作人員，以廣泛收集各界對我國推動永續生態農業政策與策略之意見及前往國際知名的生態農業計畫執行地點參訪，與計畫執行者及當地農民進行交流，並分析上述成果後統整做為擬定我國推動生態農業政策與策略之參考。
Abstract: In recent years, rural areas from around the globe have been heavily influenced by urbanization, climate change and un-eco-friendly agricultural mode such as conventional farming. These factors together contribute to not only the instability of farming environment and loss of biodiversity, but also a serious impact on the ecosystem services derived from agro-ecological system, that is,the functions of providing, mediating, cultivating and supporting. Such have grown to be a grave threat to the sustainability of agricultural produce, life and ecology, one interlocking with another, and the produce and supply of food crops. The issues ensue would be the overloading on environment,over consumption of energy and resource, which finally bring global attention to the importance of sustainable development, resurfacing the undeniable fact that the nature of traditional farming is unfit for today’s world, and the conventional method for agricultural development has hit a stumbling block. Amid which, we were able to identify water as one of the crucial key elements when it comes to both farming and ecological system, the critical substance in building a sound rural environment and ecology. However, climate change has worsen and the occurrence of natural events soared, plus the inadequacy in disposing toxic byproducts from industrialization, all have undermined the capability to supply water steadily to farming. If we fail to maintain the farming water quality and ecological balance, it would not be just farmer’s livelihood being affected, but the entire ecology around rural area, and ultimately, imminent threat to farming environment and deteriorating ecological system.
This year’s study will further confirm the current environmental quality in agricultural environment and the possible threats. The collected information will be used in environmental modeling to simulate the scenarios of different environmental quality improvement strategies. The results can be referenced for future agricultural development and quality improvement, which are essential information of crop growth, balance of nature, and rural climate regulation. Farmland is an important habitat for species which provides varieties of ecosystem services. Identifying the ecosystem services in farmland (such as pest control) can provide useful information for sustainable development of agriculture in Taiwan. This research quantifies the landscape metrics of farmland, integrates the micro-climate of paddy field, hydrology, water quality data; interviews from stakeholders of agroecosystem services; food chain analysis in paddy field, biodiversity and mechanism and efficiency of pest and species control. This study focuses on agricultural systems in the subtropical (Taiwan) region, and is expected to collaborate with LEGATO of temperate system and IRRI of tropical system. The research can serve as the basis for future agriculture policy development, to co-operate with geographical information, environmental engineering, agricultural production, land use planning, mass media and etc., encourages inter-disciplinary collaboration that may apply in sustainable agricultural and ecological development.
Agroecosystem does not only benefits on food provision, but supplies raw materials like fiber and fuel, and main the ecosystem services such as soil fertility and moisture, carbon sequestration, climate regulation and habitats for species. The function of paddy filed is much more than food production, but it works as an essential agroecosystem and provides various ecosystem services. Moreover, it is a potential carbon sink that facilitate agricultural environmental system sustainability.Environmental impact and many other environmental challenges led to agricultural landscape and habitats fragmentation. Land Fragmentation impacts the ecosystem services and ecological functions negatively in many aspects, particularly the carbon sequestration may affect the energy saving and carbon reduction. Therefore, it is challenging to quantify and evaluate the effects of paddy field to micro-climate and carbon reduction through investigating the services including water quality, water quantity and carbon sequestration. This research studies the impacts of land and farmland fragmentation to ecosystem services, discuss the current challenges of transforming traditional farming to sustainable farming, review the related policy that could further be revised to increase the farmers benefits, establish practical and appropriate strategies and enhance the sustainable development.
This research investigates the characteristics of micro-climate, hydrology and water quality data in paddy field; interviews from stakeholders of agroecosystem services; food chain analysis and biodiversity in paddy field; analyze the ecosystem services in selected areas, as well as to identify the impacts of land use and farmland fragmentation through field research. Qualitative research like interviews will be conducted in three different communities in rural area to learn the perspectives of stakeholders towards the paddy field ecosystem services, and further establish the participation indicators of these stakeholders. In addition, sustainable agriculture, eco-agriculture, agro-ecology, Satoyama Initiative related policy and strategy will be analyze and discuss; fieldtrips, interviews with other experts and practitioners will also be collected. The results will be recognized as the reference to facilitate and promote future agroecosystem policy and strategy.
