Outcome of untethering for symptomatic spina bifida occulta with lumbosacral spinal cord tethering in 31 patients: analysis of preoperative prognostic factors
Journal
Spine Journal
Journal Volume
8
Journal Issue
4
Pages
630-638
Date Issued
2008
Author(s)
Abstract
Background context: The most important goal for treating symptomatic lumbosacral spinal cord tethering is early untethering. Purpose: To investigate preoperative symptoms that may have affected the outcome. Study design: Patients with or without improvement and with or without favorable outcome after untethering were compared retrospectively by chart and image review. Patient sample: Thirty-one patients (age between 2 days to 25 years) with spina bifida occulta and symptomatic cord tethering were analyzed. Presenting symptoms (neurological deficits, urological dysfunction, and lower limb deformities) were assessed before and after untethering. Outcome measures: Favorable outcome was defined as complete relief of symptoms or mild symptoms whereby patients are able to look after their own personal care without assistance. Unfavorable outcome was defined as moderate or severe disability whereby patients are unable to attend to their own bodily needs without assistance, are bedridden, or require constant nursing attention. Methods: Differences in patient characteristics and presenting symptoms were compared between those with and without clinical improvement and favorable outcome. Multivariate logistic regression was used to identify prognostic factors affecting the outcome. Results: The average age at surgery was 7.2 years, with a male-to-female ratio of 1.2. The average follow-up time was 4 years. At least one of the following symptoms was present in all patients: neurological deficits (83.9%), urological dysfunction (77.4%), or limb deformities (38.7%). After untethering, all patients had either symptoms stabilized (14 patients, 45.2%) or improved (17 patients, 54.8%), and 14 patients (45.2%) achieved total resolving of symptoms. Logistic regression confirmed that younger age (?2 years, odds ratio [OR] 22.0, p=.026), lipomas of filum terminale (OR 25.6, p=.042), and a poor anal tone (OR 10.4, p=.061) were positive prognostic factors for the improvement in symptoms. The functional outcome was determined by the age at surgery (OR 0.9 per year since 1 year old, p=.04) and the presence of limb deformities (OR 0.06, p=.017). Conclusions: In conclusion, our study suggests that untethering should be performed immediately once the patient shows evidence of symptomatic lumbosacral cord tethering, irrespective of age. Untethering can interrupt progression of symptoms, but sphincter dysfunction and muscle weakness are more likely to improve or resolve. Benefits can be seen in all patients, but young children (before 2 years old) have a higher chance to gain favorable outcome. Retethering is a main concern during follow-up, particularly for the more complicated lipomyelomeningoceles. Investigations using electrophysiologic and urodynamic studies are helpful for early detection of subtle symptomatic cord tethering or retethering. ? 2008 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
Other Subjects
adolescent; adult; article; child; clinical article; disability; female; follow up; human; infant; limb defect; male; muscle weakness; neurological complication; newborn; occult spinal dysraphism; preoperative evaluation; priority journal; prognosis; symptom; tethered cord syndrome; treatment outcome; urinary tract disease; Adolescent; Adult; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Humans; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Lipoma; Logistic Models; Lumbar Vertebrae; Male; Meningomyelocele; Neurosurgical Procedures; Prognosis; Recovery of Function; Retrospective Studies; Sacrum; Spina Bifida Occulta; Spinal Cord; Spinal Neoplasms; Time Factors; Treatment Outcome
Type
journal article