The interactions among organophosphate pesticide exposure, oxidative stress, and genetic polymorphisms of dopamine receptor D4 increase the risk of attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder in children
Journal
Environmental Research
Journal Volume
160
Pages
339-346
Date Issued
2018
Author(s)
Chang C.-H.
Yu C.-J.
Du J.-C.
Chiou H.-C.
Yang W.
Chung M.-Y.
Chen Y.-S.
Hwang B.
Mao I.-F.
Chen M.-L.
Abstract
Objective The aim of this study was to clarify the association between organophosphate pesticides (OPs) and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) related to oxidative stress and genetic polymorphisms. Methods This case-control study enrolled 93 children with ADHD and 112 control children in north Taiwan. Six dialkyl phosphate (DAP) metabolites of OPs and oxidative stress biomarkers were analyzed. Polymorphisms of the dopamine receptor D4 gene (DRD4) were identified. Results Children with ADHD had significantly higher dimethylphosphate (DMP, 236.69 nmol/g cre. vs. 186.84 nmol/g cre., p value = 0.01) and 4-hydroxy-2-nonenal-mercapturic acid (HNE-MA, 28.95 ?g/g cre. vs. 16.55 ?g/g cre., p value<0.01) concentrations than control children. Children who carried DRD4 GA/AA genotypes (rs752306) were less likely than those who carried the DRD4 GG genotype to have ADHD (odds ratio [OR]: 0.45, 95% CI: 0.24–0.84). The estimated value of the AP (attributable proportion due to interaction) was 0.59 (95% CI: 0.13–1.05), indicating that 59% of ADHD cases in DMP-exposed children with the DRD4 GG genotype were due to the gene-environment interaction. After adjustment for other covariates, children who carried the DRD4 GG genotype, had been exposed to high DMP levels (more than the median), and had high HNE-MA levels had a significantly increased risk for developing ADHD (OR = 11.74, 95% CI: 2.12–65.04). Conclusion This study indicated a gene-environment interaction in the risk of ADHD in children. The association between DMP and ADHD in children might relate to the mechanism of lipid peroxidation. Dose-response relationships and the combined effects of OPs, oxidative stress, and genetic polymorphism on ADHD should not be neglected. ? 2017 Elsevier Inc.
Subjects
Additive interaction; Attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder; Dopamine receptor D4 gene; Organophosphate pesticides; Oxidative stress
SDGs
Other Subjects
4 hydroxynonenal; acetylcysteine; dopamine 4 receptor; organophosphate pesticide; phthalic acid dimethyl ester; tobacco smoke; dopamine 4 receptor; DRD4 protein, human; organophosphate; pesticide; additive; child health; disability; genetic analysis; genotype-environment interaction; metabolite; organophosphorus pesticide; oxidative stress; pollution exposure; polymorphism; adolescent; alcohol consumption; Article; attention deficit disorder; case control study; child; controlled study; educational status; environmental exposure; family history; female; genetic association; genetic polymorphism; genotype; genotype environment interaction; human; lipid peroxidation; major clinical study; male; neurologic disease; oxidative stress; pregnancy; priority journal; risk assessment; sex difference; attention deficit disorder; chemically induced; genetic predisposition; genetics; metabolism; preschool child; single nucleotide polymorphism; Taiwan; Adolescent; Attention Deficit Disorder with Hyperactivity; Case-Control Studies; Child; Child, Preschool; Female; Gene-Environment Interaction; Genetic Predisposition to Disease; Humans; Lipid Peroxidation; Male; Organophosphates; Oxidative Stress; Pesticides; Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide; Receptors, Dopamine D4
Publisher
Academic Press Inc.
Type
journal article