Development and validation of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI)
Journal
PLoS ONE
Journal Volume
9
Journal Issue
6
Date Issued
2014
Author(s)
Abstract
Objective: The aim of this study was to develop a self-administered scale based on the special features of smartphone. The reliability and validity of the Smartphone Addiction Inventory (SPAI) was demonstrated. Methods: A total of 283 participants were recruited from Dec. 2012 to Jul. 2013 to complete a set of questionnaires, including a 26-item SPAI modified from the Chinese Internet Addiction Scale and phantom vibration and ringing syndrome questionnaire. There were 260 males and 23 females, with ages 22.9±2.0 years. Exploratory factor analysis, internalconsistency test, test-retest, and correlation analysis were conducted to verify the reliability and validity of the SPAI. Correlations between each subscale and phantom vibration and ringing were also explored. Results: Exploratory factor analysis yielded four factors: compulsive behavior, functional impairment, withdrawal and tolerance. Test-retest reliabilities (intraclass correlations = 0.74-0.91) and internal consistency (Cronbach's α = 0.94) were all satisfactory. The four subscales had moderate to high correlations (0.56-0.78), but had no or very low correlation to phantom vibration/ringing syndrome. Conclusion: This study provides evidence that the SPAI is a valid and reliable, self-administered screening tool to investigate smartphone addiction. Phantom vibration and ringing might be independent entities of smartphone addiction. ? 2014 Lin et al.
SDGs
Other Subjects
addiction; article; compulsion; correlation analysis; exploratory behavior; female; functional disease; human; internal consistency; Internet; male; named inventories, questionnaires and rating scales; phantom ringing; phantom vibration; physical phenomena; psychosocial withdrawal; self report; Smartphone Addiction Inventory; test retest reliability; validation study; vibration; Behavior, Addictive; factorial analysis; Internet; mobile phone; psychometry; questionnaire; reproducibility; self evaluation; young adult; Behavior, Addictive; Cell Phones; Diagnostic Self Evaluation; Factor Analysis, Statistical; Female; Humans; Internet; Male; Psychometrics; Questionnaires; Reproducibility of Results; Young Adult
Type
journal article