Time-dependent viral interference between influenza virus and coronavirus in the infection of differentiated porcine airway epithelial cells
Journal
Virulence
Journal Volume
12
Journal Issue
1
Pages
1111-1121
Date Issued
2021
Author(s)
Abstract
Coronaviruses and influenza viruses are circulating in humans and animals all over the world. Co-infection with these two viruses may aggravate clinical signs. However, the molecular mechanisms of co-infections by these two viruses are incompletely understood. In this study, we applied air-liquid interface (ALI) cultures of well-differentiated porcine tracheal epithelial cells (PTECs) to analyze the co-infection by a swine influenza virus (SIV, H3N2 subtype) and porcine respiratory coronavirus (PRCoV) at different time intervals. Our results revealed that in short-term intervals, prior infection by influenza virus caused complete inhibition of coronavirus infection, while in long-term intervals, some coronavirus replication was detectable. The influenza virus infection resulted in (i) an upregulation of porcine aminopeptidase N, the cellular receptor for PRCoV and (ii) in the induction of an innate immune response which was responsible for the inhibition of PRCoV replication. By contrast, prior infection by coronavirus only caused a slight inhibition of influenza virus replication. Taken together, the timing and the order of virus infection are important determinants in co-infections. This study is the first to show the impact of SIV and PRCoV co- and super-infection on the cellular level. Our results have implications also for human viruses, including potential co-infections by SARS-CoV-2 and seasonal influenza viruses. ? 2021 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.
Subjects
beta actin; beta interferon; messenger RNA; microsomal aminopeptidase; virus nucleoprotein; microsomal aminopeptidase; airway epithelium cell; Article; ciliated epithelium cell; coinfection; controlled study; Coronavirus infection; gene expression; human; immune response; immunofluorescence; influenza; Influenza virus; innate immunity; limit of detection; multiplex polymerase chain reaction; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; Mycoplasma hyorhinis; nonhuman; pig; Porcine respiratory coronavirus; protein expression; real time polymerase chain reaction; seasonal influenza; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; staining; superinfection; swine influenza virus; upregulation; virus interference; virus nucleocapsid; virus release; virus replication; virus titration; animal; cell culture; Coronavirus infection; cytology; epithelium cell; immunology; Influenza A virus (H3N2); metabolism; orthomyxovirus infection; pathology; physiology; trachea; virology; Animals; CD13 Antigens; Cells, Cultured; Coinfection; Coronavirus Infections; Epithelial Cells; Immunity, Innate; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus; Swine; Trachea; Viral Interference; Virus Replication
SDGs
Other Subjects
beta actin; beta interferon; messenger RNA; microsomal aminopeptidase; virus nucleoprotein; microsomal aminopeptidase; airway epithelium cell; Article; ciliated epithelium cell; coinfection; controlled study; Coronavirus infection; gene expression; human; immune response; immunofluorescence; influenza; Influenza virus; innate immunity; limit of detection; multiplex polymerase chain reaction; Mycoplasma hyopneumoniae; Mycoplasma hyorhinis; nonhuman; pig; Porcine respiratory coronavirus; protein expression; real time polymerase chain reaction; seasonal influenza; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; staining; superinfection; swine influenza virus; upregulation; virus interference; virus nucleocapsid; virus release; virus replication; virus titration; animal; cell culture; Coronavirus infection; cytology; epithelium cell; immunology; Influenza A virus (H3N2); metabolism; orthomyxovirus infection; pathology; physiology; trachea; virology; Animals; CD13 Antigens; Cells, Cultured; Coinfection; Coronavirus Infections; Epithelial Cells; Immunity, Innate; Influenza A Virus, H3N2 Subtype; Orthomyxoviridae Infections; Porcine Respiratory Coronavirus; Swine; Trachea; Viral Interference; Virus Replication
Type
journal article