The effect of ultrasound stimulation versus bioreactors on neocartilage formation in tissue engineering scaffolds seeded with human chondrocytes in vitro

Pulsed ultrasound (1 MHz, 67 mW/cm(2) Ispta, and 10 min/day) promoted cell proliferation and matrix deposition in low- density 2D (similar to 6 x 10(3) cells/cm(2)) as well as 3D (similar to 4 x 10(6) cells/cm(3)) chondrocyte cultures. The beneficial effect of ultrasound on neocartitage formation only last 28 days, shorter than that of bioreactors. (c) 2006 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.