Antioral Cancer Effects by the Nitrated [6,6,6]Tricycles Compound (SK1) In Vitro
Journal
Antioxidants (Basel, Switzerland)
Journal Volume
11
Journal Issue
10
Date Issued
2022-10-20
Author(s)
Chen, Yan-Ning
Chan, Chieh-Kai
Yen, Ching-Yu
Shiau, Jun-Ping
Chang, Meng-Yang
Wang, Cheng-Chung
Tang, Jen-Yang
Chang, Hsueh-Wei
Abstract
A novel nitrated [6,6,6]tricycles-derived compound containing nitro, methoxy, and ispropyloxy groups, namely SK1, was developed in our previous report. However, the anticancer effects of SK1 were not assessed. Moreover, SK1 contains two nitro groups (NO2) and one nitrogen-oxygen (N-O) bond exhibiting the potential for oxidative stress generation, but this was not examined. The present study aimed to evaluate the antiproliferation effects and oxidative stress and its associated responses between oral cancer and normal cells. Based on the MTS assay, SK1 demonstrated more antiproliferation ability in oral cancer cells than normal cells, reversed by N-acetylcysteine. This suggests that SK1 causes antiproliferation effects preferentially in an oxidative stress-dependent manner. The oxidative stress-associated responses were further validated, showing higher ROS/MitoSOX burst, MMP, and GSH depletion in oral cancer cells than in normal cells. Meanwhile, SK1 caused oxidative stress-causing apoptosis, such as caspases 3/8/9, and DNA damages, such as γH2AX and 8-OHdG, to a greater extent in oral cancer cells than in normal cells. Siilar to cell viability, these oxidative stress responses were partially diminished by NAC, indicating that SK1 promoted oxidative stress-dependent responses. In conclusion, SK1 exerts oxidative stress, apoptosis, and DNA damage to a greater extent to oral cancer cells than in normal cells.
Subjects
DNA damage; apoptosis; nitrated [6,6,6]tricycles; oral cancer cells; oxidative stress
SDGs
Publisher
MDPI
Type
journal article