Influence of Concentrate to Forage Ratio Adjustment and Dietary Microorganism Supplement on Intake and Fecal Conformation in Formosan Serows
Date Issued
2007
Date
2007
Author(s)
Lin, Chia-Min
DOI
zh-TW
Abstract
The captive Formosan serows (Capricornis crispus swinhoei) in Taipei Zoo were used in this study. The study was devided into four parts. First, Formosan serows’ feedstuffs from January to December in 2006 were collected and analyzed for contents of dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), neutral-detergent fiber (NDF), acid-detergent fiber (ADF), and ash. The main forages (Morus australis leaves and Trema orientalis leaves) contained less water in fall and winter; less NDF in spring and fall, less ADF in summer and fall; more ash in the end of the year. Campared to forages, concentrates of carrot, sweet potato and concentrate pellets had more stable nutrient compositions. The second part of the study was to know what concentrate to forage ratio (C:F) range would not cause diarrhea, nine serows (six males and three females) were used in the study with dry matter intake (DMI), fecal conformation, and fecal flora as the indicators of animal health. In the pilot experiment, when the serow named Chang-pu was fed diets with C:F changed from 25:75 to 45:55, its fecal water content changed from 49.8% to 82.1%. The density of pathogens Shigella spp. increased to 4.14×108 CFU/g, Clostridium spp. increased to 4.70×108 CFU/g; the desity of E. coli increased to 1.02×109 CFU/g; the density of Bifidobacterium spp. decreased to 9.01×104 CFU/g. When Chang-pu has taken more than 1.06% BW of concentrate pellets, caused diarrhea. In the formal experiment, when C:F was changed from 30:70 to 38:62, DMI increased and the feces stayed granulated. The density of E. coli increased to 1.09×109 CFU/g; pathogens Shigella spp. increased to 3.01×108 CFU/g, Clostridium spp. increased to 4.47×108 CFU/g. When the C:F was under 38:62, the ratio of (Bifidobacterium spp.+ Lactobacterium spp.) / (Shigella spp. +Clostridium spp.) and (Bifidobacterium spp.+ Lactobacterium spp.) / (E. coli+ Enterococcus spp.) in fecal flora were not affected. The third part of the study was to know whether the supplement of microorganism would affect DMI and fecal flora. A ration of 0.5 g/day.head Enterococcus faecium and Saccharmyces cerevisiae was provided to six serows (three males and three females). Microbial supplementation did not affect DMI, fecal water content and composition, but allowed the C:F increased to 41:59. Microbial supplement also increased Bifidobacterium spp. to 3.80×106 CFU/g, decreased pathogens Shigella spp. to 2.22×106 CFU/g, and decreased Clostridium spp. to 1.40×108 CFU/g which had positive impact to intestinal flora.. The fourth part of the study was to give Ivermectin 200 μg/kg BW alone or with Mebendazole 10 mg/kg BW in five days continually or repeated with three cycles of three days medication followed by withdrew of four days. Anthelmintic combination treatment in three cycles had the best effect on round worms, but no effect on coccidia. In conclusion, the quality of forages changed in different seasons, but there was not proved to be related to diarrhea. When the C:F was under 38:62, the animal did not have diarrhea, and fecal flora was normal. The supply of E. faecium and S. cerevisiae increased serow’s concentrate intake and the density of fecal Bifidobacterium spp., decreased the density of pathogens Shigella spp. and Clostridium spp. In summary use Ivermectin and Mebendazole together in 3 cycles was effective to round worms, but not coccidia. And anticoccodoal drugs should be used in Formosan serows’ anthelmintic project.
Subjects
精芻料比例
微生物添加
糞便菌相
Formosan serow
concentrate to forage ratio
microbial supplement
fecal flora
SDGs
Type
thesis