Advances in Noninvasive Functional Imaging of Bone
Journal
Academic Radiology
Journal Volume
21
Journal Issue
2
Pages
281-301
Date Issued
2014
Author(s)
Abstract
The demand for functional imaging in clinical medicine is comprehensive. Although the gold standard for the functional imaging of human bones in clinical settings is still radionuclide-based imaging modalities, nonionizing noninvasive imaging technology in small animals has greatly advanced in recent decades, especially the diffuse optical imaging to which Britton Chance made tremendous contributions. The evolution of imaging probes, instruments, and computation has facilitated exploration in the complicated biomedical research field by allowing longitudinal observation of molecular events in live cells and animals. These research-imaging tools are being used for clinical applications in various specialties, such as oncology, neuroscience, and dermatology. The Bone, a deeply located mineralized tissue, presents a challenge for noninvasive functional imaging in humans. Using nanoparticles (NP) with multiple favorable properties as bioimaging probes has provided orthopedics an opportunity to benefit from these noninvasive bone-imaging techniques. This review highlights the historical evolution of radionuclide-based imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, diffuse optics-enabled in vivo technologies, vibrational spectroscopic imaging, and a greater potential for using NPs for biomedical imaging. ? 2014 AUR.
The demand for functional imaging in clinical medicine is comprehensive. Although the gold standard for the functional imaging of human bones in clinical settings is still radionuclide-based imaging modalities, nonionizing noninvasive imaging technology in small animals has greatly advanced in recent decades, especially the diffuse optical imaging to which Britton Chance made tremendous contributions. The evolution of imaging probes, instruments, and computation has facilitated exploration in the complicated biomedical research field by allowing longitudinal observation of molecular events in live cells and animals. These research-imaging tools are being used for clinical applications in various specialties, such as oncology, neuroscience, and dermatology. The Bone, a deeply located mineralized tissue, presents a challenge for noninvasive functional imaging in humans. Using nanoparticles (NP) with multiple favorable properties as bioimaging probes has provided orthopedics an opportunity to benefit from these noninvasive bone-imaging techniques. This review highlights the historical evolution of radionuclide-based imaging, computed tomography, positron emission tomography, and magnetic resonance imaging, diffuse optics-enabled in vivo technologies, vibrational spectroscopic imaging, and a greater potential for using NPs for biomedical imaging. © 2014 AUR.
Subjects
Bone; Diffuse optics; Functional imaging; Molecular imaging; Nanoparticles
SDGs
Other Subjects
alendronic acid; aminolevulinic acid; bisphosphonic acid derivative; calcium 45; cathepsin B; cathepsin K; cathepsin L; chelating agent; contrast medium; dimethylaminomethylenediphosphonate technetium tc 99m; fluorapatite; fluorescein isothiocyanate; gold nanoparticle; hydroxyapatite; indocyanine green; medronic acid; nanomaterial; nanoparticle; nanorod; phosphorus 32; polypeptide; radioisotope; single walled nanotube; sodium fluoride f 18; sodium iodide; superparamagnetic iron oxide; superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticle; technetium 99m; thallium; tracer; angiography; autofluorescence imaging; avascular necrosis; biocompatibility; bioluminescence imaging; BOLD signal; bone; bone infection; bone metabolism; bone metastasis; bone scintiscanning; bone tumor; carbon nuclear magnetic resonance; chemoluminescence; clinical medicine; computer assisted emission tomography; computer assisted tomography; contrast enhancement; cost; dark field microspectroscopy; diffuse optical tomography; Doppler echography; dual energy computer assisted tomography; dual energy X ray absorptiometry; echography; fluorescence imaging; fluorescence molecular topography; fluorescence reflectance imaging; gold standard; human; imaging; infrared spectroscopy; isotope labeling; laser; microbubble; musculoskeletal system examination; nanoimaging; nanoprobe; nanotechnology; near infrared spectroscopy; non invasive measurement; nonhuman; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; optical coherence tomography; osteoblast; osteolysis; osteoporosis; phosphorus nuclear magnetic resonance; photoacoustics; positron emission tomography; priority journal; proton nuclear magnetic resonance; pycnodysostosis; Raman spectrometry; review; sensitivity and specificity; single photon emission computer tomography; Bone; diffuse optics; functional imaging; molecular imaging; nanoparticles; Animals; Bone and Bones; Bone Diseases; Humans; Molecular Diagnostic Techniques; Molecular Imaging; Radionuclide Imaging; Radiopharmaceuticals
Type
review