The effects of mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with end-stage renal disease and heart failure

Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists (MRAs) have been shown to provide survival benefits in patients with heart failure; however, MRA use in patients with chronic kidney disease has been limited by safety concerns. The effects of MRAs on outcomes in patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and heart failure remain unknown. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of MRAs on cardiovascular outcomes in patients with heart failure under maintenance dialysis in a real-world setting.