Plasma zinc α2-glycoprotein levels are elevated in smokers and correlated with metabolic syndrome
Journal
European Journal of Clinical Investigation
Journal Volume
45
Journal Issue
5
Pages
452-459
Date Issued
2015
Author(s)
Chen S.-C.
Lue B.-H.
Lee L.-T.
Chen C.-Y.
Abstract
Background: Smoking is a strong risk factor of metabolic syndrome. Zinc α2-glycoprotein (ZAG) is a protein involved in metabolic syndrome. This study aims to investigate the effect of smoking on plasma ZAG levels and its relations to metabolic syndrome. Materials and methods: A group of 41 cigarette smokers and 47 non-smokers were enrolled. ZAG levels were measured to correlate to participants' demographic and metabolic parameters. Results: Plasma ZAG levels of smokers were higher than those of controls (P < 0·0001). Plasma ZAG levels were positively correlated with male gender (P = 0·0002), number of cigarettes smoked per day (P < 0·0001), smoking duration in years (P < 0·0001), smoking index (P < 0·0001) and nicotine dependence score (P < 0·0001). In the multiple regression analysis, smoking was a strong independent factor affecting plasma ZAG levels (P = 0·0034). Plasma ZAG levels elevated progressively with the number of metabolic syndrome components (P = 0·0143). In the multiple regression analysis, plasma ZAG was an independent factor for metabolic syndrome. Conclusions: Plasma ZAG levels are high in smokers and correlate with metabolic syndrome. Our results indicate ZAG is an independent risk factor, but also interacted with smoking, for the metabolic syndrome. ? 2015 Stichting European Society for Clinical Investigation Journal Foundation.
SDGs
Other Subjects
alpha2 glycoprotein; unclassified drug; zinc alpha2 glycoprotein; AZGP1 protein, human; carrier protein; glycoprotein; adult; aged; Article; blood level; blood sampling; cardiovascular disease; clinical article; controlled study; demography; diabetes mellitus; dyslipidemia; female; human; hypertension; male; metabolic parameters; metabolic syndrome X; obesity; priority journal; smoking; tobacco dependence; blood; hyperglycemia; hypertriglyceridemia; metabolic syndrome X; middle aged; regression analysis; sex difference; smoking; time; very elderly; young adult; Adult; Aged; Aged, 80 and over; Carrier Proteins; Dyslipidemias; Female; Glycoproteins; Humans; Hyperglycemia; Hypertension; Hypertriglyceridemia; Male; Metabolic Syndrome X; Middle Aged; Obesity; Overweight; Regression Analysis; Sex Factors; Smoking; Time Factors; Tobacco Use Disorder; Young Adult
Publisher
Blackwell Publishing Ltd
Type
journal article