Optical Internet: Transporting, Switching and Traffic Fitting
Date Issued
2005
Date
2005
Author(s)
Shao, Shou-Kuo
DOI
en-US
Abstract
Nowadays, equipments and components of wavelength division
multiplexing (WDM) have matured enough to provide extremely
high-capacity networks that are required to transport the
ever-increasing amount of IP traffic. Dense WDM (DWDM) system has been conceived to be able to provide the extraordinarily additional bandwidth in fiber optic networks. At the present time, DWDM technologies doubtlessly are the means that can fully exploit
the tremendous bandwidth of optical fibers. Therefore, the direct integration of IP and WDM/DWDM has been the most popular research and development area for the next generation Internet. Among the research of IP over WDM networks, optical router based optical Internet is the ultimate goal of integrating IP with WDM directly.
In this thesis, we investigate three basic issues of optical
Internet. These issues are presented in the three major chapters in this thesis. We briefly describe them as follows.
In Chapter 2, we propose a framework for IP over WDM networks using a newly proposed IP over WDM protocol with routing and transport capabilities. This newly proposed protocol uses label and length information as the physical transport framing and data link delineation at the same time, and it can handle routing processes in the core networks. The proposed protocol performs physical framing, data link delineation, and part of layer 3 routing functions in one process. Thus, it can speed up the processes in future tera-bit networks. We present the analysis of framing encapsulation performance of this protocol in detail in Chapter 2.
In Chapter 3, we introduce two different types of WDM optical routers: one is feed-forward (FF) type and the other is feedback (FB) type or the so-called partially shared buffering (PSB) type WDM optical routers. When WDM optical routers operate under asynchronous and variable packet length mode, there will be voids induced in the fiber delay lines (FDLs). These voids make the channels idle and are unusable for storing newly arriving packets.
Thus, the performance in terms of probability of packet loss (PPL) is inferior to the routers operating under synchronous and fixed packet length mode. In this chapter, we first compare the packet loss performance of these two different types of WDM optical routers incorporating various contention resolution schemes and operating under asynchronous and variable packet length self-similar traffic input. we demonstrate that a 16X16 FB type WDM optical router employing more than 4 re-circulated ports without using void filling (VF) algorithm can provide better performance than that of FF type WDM optical
routers using VF algorithm under asynchronous and variable packet length self-similar traffic input. We then investigate the system dimensioning issues of FB type WDM optical routers under the same traffic by simulation in Chapter 3.
In Chapter 4, we investigate the possibility of using short range dependent (SRD) Markovian models as appropriate traffic models to emulate the second-order self-similar traffic. Research results have shown that self-similar or long-range dependent (LRD) traffic has severe impact on switch performance and network design. New traffic models such as chaotic maps, fractional Brownian motion (FBM) and fractional autoregressive integrated moving average
(FARIMA), etc., have been proposed to characterize the
self-similar and LRD behavior. Although these traffic models
characterize the self-similar process in a parsimonious way, most of them are asymptotic in nature, hence they are less effective in the context of queueing-based performance evaluation when the buffer sizes are small. In this chapter, we proposed a generalized variance-based Markovian fitting for self-similar traffic modelling. It is found from extensive numerical results that not only the proposed Markovian fitting retains the advantages of variance-based fitting, but also its accuracy is better than that of the original work. We present the performance comparison based
on the second-order statistics of counts and the queueing-based performance measures such as tail probability and loss probability in this chapter. The analysis of the time scale effect on the proposed model is also given in detail in this chapter.
At last, we conclude this thesis in Chapter 5, by summarizing the works that we have achieved. There are still several important issues regarding optical Internet that we have not been available to investigate. These issues will be presented in the future works in Chapter 5.
Subjects
全光網際網路
自我相似性話務
光交換
分波多工光網路
Optical Internet
WDM Networks
Optical Packet Switching
Self-Similar Traffic
Type
thesis
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