Development and validation of a multiple-choice test for head and neck ultrasound certification.
Journal
European archives of oto-rhino-laryngology : official journal of the European Federation of Oto-Rhino-Laryngological Societies (EUFOS) : affiliated with the German Society for Oto-Rhino-Laryngology - Head and Neck Surgery
Journal Volume
282
Journal Issue
9
Start Page
4825
End Page
4833
ISSN
1434-4726
Date Issued
2025-09
Author(s)
Mikkelsen, August Krogh
Kuenzel, Julian
Orloff, Lisa A
Sebelik, Merry E
McQueen, Andrew
Madani, Gitta
Konge, Lars
Melchiors, Jacob
Weimer, Johannes
Todsen, Tobias
Abstract
Purpose: This prospective trial aimed to develop and gather validity evidence for a theoretical test in head and neck ultrasound (HNUS). Methods: Seven HNUS experts from Europe, North America, and Asia participated in a Delphi study to reach consensus on multiple choice test (MCT) items. Novices (n=56) and experienced HNUS operators (n=22) were then invited to take the full MCT. Based on their answers, an item-response analysis selected the MCT items with the best performance. Generalizability theory determined the number of MCT items sufficient for certification. An ANOVA test examined the MCT’s ability to distinguish novices from experts and contrasting groups’ standard setting was used to establish a cut-off test score. A group of physicians (n=23) was tested at a formal ultrasound course, and pass-fail consequences for the final test were evaluated. Results: Over three Delphi rounds, 64 items were revised and 21 were excluded, yielding 106 items. The item-response analysis found nine items with low discrimination that were excluded based on the MCQ answers from 78 novices and experienced physicians who had taken the test. The final 97 test items had a high internal consistency reliability of 0.97, and an MCT with 15 items was found sufficient for certification purposes. The MCT could significantly discriminate between novices (mean 51.1, SD 13.8) and experienced participants (mean 92.0, SD 3.1), p < 0.001. A pass-fail score of 83 was established. At a formal introduction ultrasound course, 57% of the participants passed the MCT at the established pass-fail score. Conclusion: The developed MCT for HNUS, based on international expert consensus, has multiple sources of validity evidence to support its use as part of a thorough certification process.
Type
journal article