Assessment of Physico-Chemical Processes for Lithium Ion Recovery from Spent Lithium Ion Batteries (LIBs)
Date Issued
2014
Date
2014
Author(s)
Hung, Shu-Hui
Abstract
Spent lithium ion batteries (LIBs) contain lots of valuable metals such as aluminum, cobalt, copper, lithium, manganese, and nickel. The separation and recovery of cobalt and lithium among these metal mixtures are attractive due to their comparatively high price. However, the energy consumption and chemical additives would lead to additional environmental impacts.
In this study, eight different scenarios of LIBs recovery technologies were evaluated from the engineering, environmental and economic (3E) aspects. A life cycle assessment (LCA) was implemented in Umberto, and the Eco-invent database in Umberto was used to assess the environmental impact of various LIB recovery technologies. Impact categories including IPCC 2007, Impact 2002+, and CML 2001 were selected. Various impact factors, e.g., global warming, climate change potential, ecosystem quality, human health, aquatic acidification, eutrophication potential and human toxicity, were evaluated for various scenarios. The results indicated that the use of a strong acid could achieve high leaching efficiency, but generation of Cl2, NOx and SOx may cause environmental problems. The addition of HCl would have a greater impact than that of NH2OH and H2SO4, of which the potential was 0.021 kg SO2-Eq for acidification, 0.017 kg CO2-Eq for climate change (GWP-100a), 0.015 kg NOx for eutrophication, 0.0164 kg 1,4-DCB for human health (HTP-100a), and 0.00058 kg ethylene.
In addition, since the chemical extraction would result in the greatest impacts on environment, the solvent extraction of Li, Co, Mn, and Ni from spent LIBs was carried out using sodium - di (2-ethylhexyl) phosphoric acid (Na-D2EHPA) and mono-2-ethylhexyl ester (Na-P507) dissolved in kerosene. The results indicated that the percentage extraction for the metal ions including Li, Co, Mn, and Ni increased as the increase of equilibrium pH. In addition, Mn was preferentially extracted over Li, Co, and Ni with the extractants, where the maximized separation factor was operated under an O/A ratio of 1:1 was maximized with 1.0 M D2EHPA at an equilibrium pH value of 3.5. Lastly, according to the 3E analysis and response surface methodology, the optimum operations of physico-chemical processes for LIB recovery were proposed.
Subjects
生命週期評估
3E(工程面、環境面、經濟面)
反應曲面法
最適化處理系統
Type
thesis
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