Biosystematics and molecular phylogeny of the Hormaphidinae (Hemiptera: Aphididae) in Taiwan
Date Issued
2009
Date
2009
Author(s)
Yeh, Hsin-Ting
Abstract
The fauna of the Hormaphidinae was recently resurveyed in Taiwan, and it was found that great biodiversity exists here. Four genera, Monzenia Takahashi, 1962, Paranipponaphis Takahashi, 1959, Tuberaphis Takahashi, 1933, and Triantennaria gen. nov., and 15 species, Astegopteryx glandulosa Noordam, 1991, Cerataphis brasiliensis (Ghesuière, 1934), C. aff. pothophila Noordam, 1991, Monzenia minuta sp. nov., Neothoracaphis elongata (Takahashi, 1958), N. querciphaga (Takahashi, 1958), Paranipponaphis takaoensis Takahashi, 1959, Reticulaphis asymmetrica Hille Ris Lambers and Takahashi, 1959, R. distylii (van der Goot, 1917), R. inflata Yeh and Hsu, 2008, R. rotifera Hille Ris Lambers and Takahashi, 1959, R. septica Yeh and Hsu, 2008, Tuberaphis coreana Takahashi, 1933, T. takenouchii (Takahashi, 1934), and Triantennaria distylia sp. nov., and five unidentified species of gall generations were found to be new to Taiwan from the collections. As the consequence, these increase the total number of species of the Hormaphidinae to 54 species, not including five unidentified species, in 23 genera in Taiwan representing about one-third of the species richness of the Hormaphidinae in the world. Hormaphidine aphids are notable for their complex life cycle on primary hosts on which galls are induced. In this study, eight Cerataphidini species of the gall generation were found on primary hosts, including Styrax spp. (Styracaceae), that is, Ceratovacuna nekoashi (Sasaki, 1910), Tuberaphis coreana Takahashi, 1933, and T. takenouchii (Takahashi, 1934) on the host S. formosana, and Astegopteryx bambucifoliae (Takahashi, 1921), Cerataphis jamuritsu (Takahashi, 1931), Ceratoglyphina styracicola (Takahashi, 1936), Pseudoregma bambucicola (Takahashi, 1921), and P. koshunensis (Takahashi, 1924) on the host S. suberifolia; eight Nipponaphidini species of the gall generation were first reported on various species of the Hamamelidaceae as the primary hosts, that is, Monzenia minuta sp. nov. on Distylium racemosum; Metanipponaphis cuspidatae (Essig and Kuwana, 1918), Neothoracaphis quercicola (Takahashi, 1921), and four unidentified species (Syc. sinensis-branch-spindlelike sp. 1, Syc. sinensis-branch-spindlelike sp. 2, Syc. sinensis-branch-urchinlike, and Syc. sinensis-leaf-pearlike) on the host Sycopsis sinensis, and also one unidentified species (Distyliopsis dunnii-branch-urchinlike) on the host Distyliopsis dunnii. Moreover, Triantennaria distylia sp. nov. can induce similar galls on leaves of Distylium racemosum and Distyliopsis dunnii, and it was interesting to realize that the same aphid species can induce galls on two distinct primary hosts. Records of the primary hosts, Syc. sinensis and Distyliopsis dunii, are both new to hormaphidine aphids. DNA-based approaches were also performed to examine systematic and phylogenetic issues of the Hormaphidinae. From the results of the phylogenetic inferences based on molecular sequences, it was realized that nuclear elongation factor 1 alpha (EF1α) DNA sequences were better than mitochondrial (mt)DNA for inferring the phylogeny of the Hormaphidinae. However, EF1α sequences provide limited resolution within the Hormaphidinae, but increase the proportion of well-supported clades when combined with mtDNA sequences. The Bayesian algorithm was more robust than other algorithms for analyzing the combined dataset. The phylogenetic analysis showed that the three tribes form respective monophyletic clades, except for Triantennaria distylia sp. nov., based on nuclear EF1α sequences. Finally, depending on the phylogenetic trees reconstructed from nuclear EF1α and the combined sequences and referring to certain evolutionary characteristics, the evolution of soldier castes and an evolutionary course of the Hormaphidinae are proposed.
Subjects
Aphididae
Hormaphidinae
Cerataphidini
Nipponaphidini
galling aphid
soldier caste
systematics
SDGs
Type
thesis
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