Intricate straining of manganese-doped (Bi0. 5Na0. 5) TiO3–BaTiO3–(Bi0. 5K0. 5) TiO3 lead-free ferroelectric ceramics
Resource
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics, 43(2), 025404
Journal
Journal of Physics D: Applied Physics
Journal Volume
43
Journal Issue
2
Pages
-
Date Issued
2010
Date
2010
Author(s)
Abstract
The strain hystereses of lead-free a(Bi0.5Na0.5) TiO3-bBaTiO3-c(Bi0.5K0.5)TiO 3 (abbreviated as BNBK 100a/100b/100c) ferroelectric compositions inside and outside the morphotropic phase boundary (MPB) were investigated previously by the authors, and it was found that BNBK 85.4/2.6/12, a composition well within the MPB, possesses notable actuating properties such as an induced electrostrain of about 0.14%. In this study, BNBK 85.4/2.6/12 is doped with various amounts of manganese (Mn) to improve its sinterability and ferroelectric characteristics. Intricate strain hysteresis behaviours are observed upon Mn doping - an electrostrain of above 0.1% can be maintained when the Mn doping amount is between 0.5 and 1.5 mol%. Once outside this doping range, the induced electrostrain is considerably smaller. By examining the evolution of crystalline phase composition with Mn doping, the mole content of the rhombohedral phase is shown for the first time to be a critical factor in deciding the straining behaviours of the Mn-doped BNBK 85.4/2.6/12 ceramics. To each increasing step in Mn doping level, there is a marked similarity in the evolutions of the induced electrostrain and rhombohedral phase content. The rhombohedral ferroelectric phase possesses more equivalent crystallographic directions for non-180° polarization switching, and accordingly, the Mn-doped BNBK compositions with relatively higher rhombohedral phase contents exhibit larger electrostrains. © 2010 IOP Publishing Ltd.
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