Skin permeation of d-limonene-based nanoemulsions as a transdermal carrier prepared by ultrasonic emulsification
Journal
Ultrasonics Sonochemistry
Journal Volume
21
Journal Issue
2
Pages
826-832
Date Issued
2014
Author(s)
Abstract
Nanoemulsions can be used for transporting pharmaceutical phytochemicals in skin-care products because of their stability and rapid permeation properties. However, droplet size may be a critical factor aiding permeation through skin and transdermal delivery efficiency. We prepared d-limonene nanoemulsions with various droplet sizes by ultrasonic emulsification using mixed surfactants of sorbitane trioleate and polyoxyethylene (20) oleyl ether under different hydrophilic-lipophilic balance (HLB) values. Droplet size decreased with increasing HLB value. With HLB 12, the droplet size was 23 nm, and the encapsulated ratio peaked at 92.3%. Transmission electron microscopy revealed spherical droplets and the gray parts were d-limonene precipitation incorporated in spherical droplets of the emulsion system. Franz diffusion cell was used to evaluate the permeation of d-limonene nanoemulsion through rat abdominal skin; the permeation rate depended on droplet size. The emulsion with the lowest droplet size (54 nm) achieved the maximum permeation rate. The concentration of d-limonene in the skin was 40.11 £gL/cm2 at the end of 360 min. Histopathology revealed no distinct voids or empty spaces in the epidermal region of permeated rat skin, so the d-limonene nanoemulsion may be a safe carrier for transdermal drug delivery. ? 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Subjects
d-Limonene
Franz diffusion cell
Mixed surfactant
Nanoemulsions
Rat abdominal skin
Transdermal delivery
SDGs
Type
journal article