Examining the Long-term Spillover Effects of a Pay-for-Performance Program in a Healthcare System That Lacks Referral Arrangements
Journal
International Journal of Health Policy and Management
Journal Volume
12
Journal Issue
1
Date Issued
2023-01-01
Author(s)
Abstract
Background: Several studies have examined the intended effects of pay-for-performance (P4P) programs, yet little is known about the unintended spillover effects of such programs on intermediate clinical outcomes. This study examines the long-term spillover effects of a P4P program for diabetes care. Methods: This study uses a nationwide population-based natural experimental design with a 3-year follow-up period under Taiwan’s universal coverage healthcare system. The intervention group consisted of 7688 patients who enrolled in the P4P program for diabetes care in 2017 and continuously participated in the program for three years. The comparison group was selected by propensity score matching (PSM) from patients seen by the same group of physicians. Each patient had four records: one pertaining to one year before the index date of the P4P program and the other three pertaining to follow-ups spanning over the next three years. Generalized estimating equations (GEEs) with difference-in-differences (DID) estimations were used to consider the correlation between repeated observations for the same patients and patients within the same matched pairs. Results: Patients enrolled in the P4P program showed improvements in incentivized intermediate clinical outcomes that persisted over three years, including proper control of glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). We found a slight positive spillover effect of the P4P program on the control of non-incentivized triglyceride [TG]). However, we found no such effects on the non-incentivized high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) control. Conclusion: The P4P program has achieved its primary goal of improving the incentivized intermediate clinical outcomes. The commonality in production among a set of activities is crucial for generating the spillover effects of an incentive program.
Subjects
Diabetes Mellitus | Intermediate Clinical Outcome | Multitasking | Pay-for-Performance | Spillover Effect
SDGs
Publisher
Kerman University of Medical Sciences
Type
journal article