Analytical Modeling of Active/Sleep Mode in Noncontinuously Deployed Small Base Stations for mmWave HetNets in 5G and Beyond
Journal
IEEE Internet of Things Journal
Journal Volume
12
Journal Issue
19
Start Page
40699-40710
ISSN
2327-4662
2372-2541
Date Issued
2025-10-01
Author(s)
Abstract
Millimeter-wave (mmWave) small base stations (SBSs) enhance indoor 5G heterogeneous network by delivering high-speed wireless access and offloading macro base station (MBS) traffic. Due to the limited range of mmWave signals, dense yet often noncontinuous SBS deployments are required, leading to energy inefficiencies—especially during low-traffic periods—because of high-power consumption. To address this, traffic-aware sleep strategies dynamically switch SBSs between active and sleep modes. However, most analytical models assume continuous coverage, limiting their real-world applicability. This article proposes an analytical model tailored to noncontinuous mmWave SBS deployments, evaluating three metrics: 1) the proportion of SBSs in sleep mode; 2) the traffic offloading ratio; and 3) the frequency of discovery broadcasts during sleep. Simulation results validate the model under varying deployment and traffic scenarios, demonstrating its value in supporting energy-efficient design for indoor 5G networks.
SDGs
Publisher
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
Type
journal article