A review of open data for studying global groundwater in social–ecological systems
Journal
Environmental Research Letters
Journal Volume
20
Journal Issue
9
Start Page
093002
ISSN
1748-9326
Date Issued
2025-08-05
Author(s)
Huggins, Xander
Gleeson, Tom
Famiglietti, James S
Reinecke, Robert
Zamrsky, Daniel
Wagener, Thorsten
Taylor, Richard G
Konar, Megan
Ruz Vargas, Claudia
Porkka, Miina
Wang-Erlandsson, Lan
de Graaf, Inge
Cuthbert, Mark
Lindersson, Sara
Wada, Yoshihide
Bierkens, Marc F P
Pokhrel, Yadu
Rocha, Juan
Baldassarre, Giuliano Di
Kummu, Matti
Ferguson, Grant
Mukherjee, Abhijit
Scanlon, Bridget R
Johnson, Mark S
Zheng, Chunmiao
Abstract
Global data have served an integral role in characterizing large-scale groundwater systems, identifying their sustainability challenges, and informing on socioeconomic and ecological dimensions of groundwater. These insights have revealed groundwater as a dynamic component of the water cycle and social-ecological systems, leading to an expansion in groundwater science that increasingly focuses on groundwater’s interactions with ecological, socioeconomic, and Earth systems. This shift presents many opportunities that are conditional on broader, more interdisciplinary system conceptualizations, models, and methods that require the integration of a greater diversity of data in contrast to conventional hydrogeological investigations. Here, we catalogue 144 global open access datasets and dataset collections relevant to groundwater science that span elements of the hydrosphere, biosphere, atmosphere, lithosphere, food systems, governance, management, and other socioeconomic system dimensions. The assembled catalogue offers a reference of available data for use in interdisciplinary assessments, and we summarize these data across their primary system, spatial resolution, temporal range, data type, generation method, level of groundwater representation, and institutional location of lead authorship. The catalogue includes 15 groundwater datasets, 23 datasets derived in relation to groundwater, and 106 datasets associated with groundwater. We find the majority of datasets are temporally static and that temporally dynamic data peak in availability during the 2000-2010 decade. Only a small fraction of temporally dynamic data is derived with any direct representation of groundwater, highlighting the need for greater incorporation of groundwater in Earth system models and data collection initiatives across socioeconomic, governance, and environmental science research communities. A small number of countries, led by the USA, Germany, the Netherlands, and Canada, generate most global groundwater data, reflecting a global North bias in the institutional leadership of these data generation activities. We raise three priority themes for future global groundwater data initiatives, which include: data improvements through prioritizing observed and temporally dynamic data; elevating regional and local scale data and perspectives to address challenges relating to equity and bias; and advancing data sharing initiatives founded on reciprocal benefits between global initiatives and data providers.
Subjects
Earth systems
global groundwater
open data
social-ecological systems
Publisher
IOP Publishing
Type
journal article