The role of vitamin D in modulating mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells for vascular calcification
Journal
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Journal Volume
21
Journal Issue
7
Pages
2466
Date Issued
2020
Author(s)
Abstract
Vascular calcification, which involves the deposition of calcifying particles within the arterial wall, is mediated by atherosclerosis, vascular smooth muscle cell osteoblastic changes, adventitial mesenchymal stem cell osteoblastic differentiation, and insufficiency of the calcification inhibitors. Recent observations implied a role for mesenchymal stem cells and endothelial progenitor cells in vascular calcification. Mesenchymal stem cells reside in the bone marrow and the adventitial layer of arteries. Endothelial progenitor cells that originate from the bone marrow are an important mechanism for repairing injured endothelial cells. Mesenchymal stem cells may differentiate osteogenically by inflammation or by specific stimuli, which can activate calcification. However, the bioactive substances secreted from mesenchymal stem cells have been shown to mitigate vascular calcification by suppressing inflammation, bone morphogenetic protein 2, and the Wingless-INT signal. Vitamin D deficiency may contribute to vascular calcification. Vitamin D supplement has been used to modulate the osteoblastic differentiation of mesenchymal stem cells and to lessen vascular injury by stimulating adhesion and migration of endothelial progenitor cells. This narrative review clarifies the role of mesenchymal stem cells and the possible role of vitamin D in the mechanisms of vascular calcification. ? 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Subjects
Endothelial progenitor cell; Mesenchymal stem cell; Vascular calcification; Vitamin D
SDGs
Other Subjects
bone morphogenetic protein; bone morphogenetic protein 2; collagen type 1; fibroblast growth factor 1; fibroblast growth factor 23; gelatinase B; immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein; interleukin 6; interstitial collagenase; matrix metalloproteinase; mitogen activated protein kinase; monocyte chemotactic protein 1; osteocalcin; platelet derived growth factor; transcription factor RUNX2; transforming growth factor beta; vasculotropin; vasculotropin D; vitamin D; biological marker; vitamin D; adipose derived stem cell; artery calcification; atherosclerosis; blood vessel calcification; blood vessel injury; cell differentiation; cell migration; cell proliferation; chronic kidney failure; endothelial progenitor cell; endothelium injury; extracellular matrix; gene expression; human; hypoxia; immunomodulation; inflammation; macrophage; mesenchymal stem cell; nonhuman; osteoblast; phenotype; protein expression; Review; signal transduction; smooth muscle cell; vascular endothelial cell; vascular smooth muscle; vitamin blood level; vitamin supplementation; animal; blood vessel calcification; disease management; disease predisposition; drug effect; endothelial progenitor cell; immunophenotyping; mesenchymal stem cell; metabolism; pathology; pericyte; Animals; Biomarkers; Disease Management; Disease Susceptibility; Endothelial Progenitor Cells; Humans; Immunophenotyping; Mesenchymal Stem Cells; Muscle, Smooth, Vascular; Myocytes, Smooth Muscle; Pericytes; Vascular Calcification; Vitamin D
Publisher
MDPI AG
Type
review