Pattern Design of Manhole Cover and Its Influence on Skid Resistance
Journal
International Journal of Pavement Research and Technology
Journal Volume
6
Journal Issue
4, 5
Pages
351-357
Date Issued
2013
Author(s)
Abstract
The number of manholes appeared on urban streets has increased significantly in the last decade in Taiwan. Due to the material characteristic, manhole surface is rather slippery in the raining days if no good skid resistance design is provided. Based on the findings of the literature review, sample collection of the Taiwan existing manhole pattern, and skid tests on all collected manhole surfaces, this study created a series of experimental design of patterns and conducted the British Pendulum Tester and Dynamic Friction Tester tests on the specimens. The design factors of the pattern include bump spacing, bump area,bump shape, bump height, and the bump alignment. Dozens of specimens were designed, cast, and test;and it was found that the manhole surface pattern with the following characteristics gives the best performance: spacing between bumps-15 mm; shape and area of each bump-15 mm × 15 mm square; minimum heightof bump: 3mm; alignmentof the bumps: chessboard. Full scale manhole covers were cast and tested. Manhole cover design with chessboard pattern indeed can provide a significant improvement in skid resistance, increases of 11.8% of BPTwetvalue and 47% of DFT60value, compared with the ones available in the market.Micro-texture and macro-texture are two major factors that affect skid resistance of a surface. On a road surface, micro-texture is a function of time (wearing). Testing only new manhole cover may not represent the long term effect of the new design. © Chinese Society of Pavement Engineering.
SDGs
Type
journal article