The Chemical Risk Assessment For Water Reuse
Date Issued
2004
Date
2004
Author(s)
Lai, Chi-Fu
DOI
zh-TW
Abstract
Water reuse is an important issue in water resource management. It can facilitate efficient management of water resource and reduce degree of water shortage. Although the reuse and recycling of water has many advantages, it also has some disadvantages, specifically concern of impact on public health and the environment. The cause of this damage is the microorganisms and toxic chemicals in the water, as well as the insufficient and ineffective standards and guidelines regarding recycled and reused water.
Municipal sewage contains a variety of chemicals. Even if it has been treated, there are trace chemicals such as environmental hormones and carcinogenic chemicals in it. This research selects seven hazardous chemicals and uses two models to assess the chemical risk of water reuse.
The results show that the primary risk of sewage reuse comes from dermal contact and the intake of food when the contaminated water was used in agricultural irrigation. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks in reused water are higher than the acceptable levels. Bis(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate (DEHP) and N-Nitrosodimethylamine (NDMA) are the major hazardous chemicals; therefore we must take some measures to reduce risks.
Regarding uncertainty of the estimation, diethyl phthalate (DEP) and NDMA have higher risk variability in agriculture irrigation use than in shower use. In shower use, the pathway of inhalation has the highest variability. In agriculture irrigation use, the pathway of soil intake has the highest variability.
We calculate chemical risks with regional parameters in four areas, and on the basis attempts to set the concentration standards of chemicals. The results show that risks in the four different areas are similar, and therefore we could use the same standards in Taiwan.
Subjects
水再生利用
化學風險評估
洗澡
環境荷爾蒙
鄰苯二甲酸酯類
Water reuse
Phthalate esters
Chemical risk assessment
Environmental hormone
Agricultural irrigation
Shower
Type
thesis
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