Extracellular polysaccharides produced by Ganoderma formosanum stimulate macrophage activation via multiple pattern-recognition receptors
Journal
Bmc Complementary and Alternative Medicine
Journal Volume
12
Date Issued
2012
Author(s)
Wang, Cheng-Li
Lu, Chiu-Ying
Pi, Chia-Chen
Zhuang, Yu-Jing
Liu, Wen-Hsiung
Chen, Chun-Jen
Abstract
Background: The fungus of Ganoderma is a traditional medicine in Asia with a variety of pharmacological functions including anti-cancer activities. We have purified an extracellular heteropolysaccharide fraction, PS-F2, from the submerged mycelia culture of G. formosanum and shown that PS-F2 exhibits immunostimulatory activities. In this study, we investigated the molecular mechanisms of immunostimulation by PS-F2.Results: PS-F2-stimulated TNF-α production in macrophages was significantly reduced in the presence of blocking antibodies for Dectin-1 and complement receptor 3 (CR3), laminarin, or piceatannol (a spleen tyrosine kinase inhibitor), suggesting that PS-F2 recognition by macrophages is mediated by Dectin-1 and CR3 receptors. In addition, the stimulatory effect of PS-F2 was attenuated in the bone marrow-derived macrophages from C3H/HeJ mice which lack functional Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4). PS-F2 stimulation triggered the phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinases JNK, p38, and ERK, as well as the nuclear translocation of NF-κB, which all played essential roles in activating TNF-α expression.Conclusions: Our results indicate that the extracellular polysaccharides produced by G. formosanum stimulate macrophages via the engagement of multiple pattern-recognition receptors including Dectin-1, CR3 and TLR4, resulting in the activation of Syk, JNK, p38, ERK, and NK-κB and the production of TNF-α. ? 2012 Wang et al.; licensee BioMed Central Ltd.
Subjects
Ganoderma formosanum; Immunostimulatory; Macrophage; Pattern-recognition receptor; Polysaccharide
SDGs
Other Subjects
complement component C3 receptor; dectin 1; extracellular polysaccharide; immunoglobulin enhancer binding protein; laminaran; mitogen activated protein kinase; pattern recognition receptor; piceatannol; polysaccharide; protein kinase Syk; ps f2; stress activated protein kinase; synaptophysin; toll like receptor 4; tumor necrosis factor alpha; unclassified drug; animal cell; article; bone marrow cell; cytokine production; fungus culture; Ganoderma; Ganoderma formosanum; immunostimulation; macrophage activation; mouse; nonhuman; protein expression; protein phosphorylation
Type
journal article