Study of urinary 2-{[2-(acetylamino-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}butanedioic acid, a mercapturic acid of rats treated with maleic acid
Journal
Toxicology letters
Journal Volume
236
Journal Issue
3
Pages
131
Date Issued
2015-08-05
Author(s)
Tsai, Hsin-Yun
Charlene Wu
Shen, Li-Ching
Chung, Wen-Sheng
Chiang, Su-Yin
Abstract
Maleic anhydride was reported illegally adulterated into starch to prepare traditional foods for decades in Taiwan. Maleic acid (MA), hydrolyzed from maleic anhydride, could cause kidney damages to animals. The potential health effects due to long-term MA exposures through food consumption have been of great concerns. Assessment of the dietary MA exposures could be very difficult and complicated. One of the alternatives is to analyze an MA-specific biomarker to assess the daily total MA intake. Therefore, this paper aimed to study the mercapturic acid of MA, 2-{[2-(acetylamino)-2-carboxyethyl]sulfanyl}butanedioic acid (MAMA), with our newly-developed isotope-dilution online solid-phase extraction liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (ID-SPE-LC-MS/MS) method. MAMA was first synthesized, purified, and characterized with NMR to reveal two diastereomers and used for developing the analytical method. The method was validated to reveal excellent sensitivity with a LOD at 16.3ng/mL and a LOQ at 20.6ng/mL and used to analyze MAMA in urine samples collected from Sprague-Dawley rats treated with a single dose of 0mg/kg, 6mg/kg, and 60mg/kg (n=5) of MA through gavage. Our results show dose-dependent increases in urinary MAMA contents, and 70% MAMA was excreted within 12h with no gender differences (p>0.05). A half life of urinary MAMA was estimated at 6.8h for rat. The formation of urinary MAMA validates it as a chemically-specific biomarker for current MA exposure. Future study of MA metabolism in vivo will elucidate mechanisms of MAMA formation, and analysis of this marker in epidemiology studies could help to shed light on the causal effects of MA on human.
Subjects
Detoxication; LC–MS/MS; Maleic acid; Mercapturic acid
Detoxication; LC-MS/MS; Maleic acid; Mercapturic acid
SDGs
Other Subjects
2 [[2 (acetylamino) 2 carboxyethyl]sulfanyl] butanedioic acid; acetylcysteine; biological marker; food additive; maleic acid; maleic anhydride; succinic acid; unclassified drug; 2-((2-(acetylamino-2-carboxyethyl)sulfanyl)butanedioic acid; acetylcysteine; biological marker; maleic acid; maleic acid derivative; succinic acid derivative; analytic method; animal experiment; Article; controlled study; diastereoisomer; dilution; excretion; female; food intake; half life time; kidney injury; liquid chromatography; male; mass spectrometry; metabolism; nonhuman; nuclear magnetic resonance; priority journal; purification; quantitative analysis; rat; sex difference; solid phase extraction; synthesis; urinalysis; urine volume; validation study; analogs and derivatives; animal; dose response; metabolism; nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy; Sprague Dawley rat; urine; Animalia; Rattus; Acetylcysteine; Animals; Biological Markers; Dose-Response Relationship, Drug; Female; Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy; Male; Maleates; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Succinates
Publisher
ELSEVIER IRELAND LTD
Type
journal article