Removal of antineoplastic drugs cyclophosphamide, ifosfamide, and 5-fluorouracil and a vasodilator drug pentoxifylline from wastewaters by ozonation
Journal
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Date Issued
2014
Author(s)
Abstract
We investigated the ozonation of the antineoplastic drugs cyclophosphamide (CP), ifosfamide (IF), and 5- fluorouracil (5-FU) and of the vasodilator pentoxifylline (PEN) in distilled water, in pharmaceutical wastewater, and in hospital effluent at pH 5–11. Under an alkaline pH of 11, all of the target compounds rapidly degraded through the attack of hydroxyl radicals, which resulted in their complete removal within 5 min at an ozone supply rate of 3 g O3/h. Under acidic pH conditions, such as pH 5.6, CP and IF exhibited slower removal rates; however, compounds with unsaturated C-C bonds, such as 5-FU and PEN, were still removed at rapid rates under acidic conditions. Although the parent compounds were removed within minutes, the resulting ozonation byproducts were resistant to further ozonation and possessed increased Microtox acute toxicity. In distilled water, the resulting ozonation products exhibited minimal mineralization but high acute toxicity, whereas in naturally buffered pharmaceutical and hospital effluents, the byproducts were more amenable to removal and detoxification. © Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg 2014
Subjects
Antineoplastic drugs; Ozonation; Pentoxifylline; Toxicity
SDGs
Other Subjects
chemical bonding; detoxification; drug; effluent; ozone; pH; pollutant removal; sewage treatment; toxicity; antineoplastic agent; cyclophosphamide; fluorouracil; hydroxyl radical; ifosfamide; ozone; pentoxifylline; vasodilator agent; waste water; water pollutant; Aliivibrio fischeri; chemistry; evaluation study; prevention and control; procedures; sewage; toxicity testing; waste water; water pollutant; water pollution; Aliivibrio fischeri; Antineoplastic Agents; Cyclophosphamide; Fluorouracil; Hydroxyl Radical; Ifosfamide; Ozone; Pentoxifylline; Toxicity Tests; Vasodilator Agents; Waste Disposal, Fluid; Waste Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Pollution, Chemical
Type
journal article