B型肝炎病毒因子與肝癌肝硬化之流行病學研究
Hepatitis B Virus Related Factors and the Risks of Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Date Issued
2006
Date
2006
Author(s)
Yang, Hwai-I
DOI
en-US
Abstract
This thesis consists of five component studies to investigate hepatitis B virus (HBV) related factors and the risk of liver cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).
Study 1: Hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) and the risk of HCC
Background The presence of HBeAg in serum indicates active viral replication in hepatocytes. HBeAg is thus a surrogate marker for the presence of HBV DNA. We conducted a prospective study to determine the relation between positivity for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and HBeAg and the development of HCC.
Methods In 1991 and 1992, we enrolled 11,893 men without evidence of HCC (age range, 30-65 years) from seven townships in Taiwan. Serum samples obtained at the time of enrollment were tested for HBsAg and HBeAg by radioimmunoassay. The diagnosis of HCC was ascertained through data linkage with the computerized National Cancer Registry in Taiwan and with death certificates. We performed a multiple regression analysis to determine the hazard ratio of HCC among men who were positive for HBsAg alone or for HBsAg and HBeAg, as compared with those who were negative for both.
Results There were 111 cases of newly diagnosed HCC during 92,359 person-years of follow-up. The incidence rate of HCC was 1169 cases per 100,000 person-years among men who were positive for both HBsAg and HBeAg, 324 per 100,000 person-years for those who were positive for HBsAg only, and 39 per 100,000 person-years for those who were negative for both. After adjustment for age, the presence or absence of antibodies against hepatitis C virus (anti-HCV), cigarette-smoking status, and use or nonuse of alcohol, the hazard ratio of HCC was 9.6 (95% CI, 6.0 to 15.2) among men who were positive for HBsAg alone and 60.2 (95% CI, 35.5 to 102.1) among those who were positive for both HBsAg and HBeAg, as compared with men who were negative for both.
Conclusions Positivity for HBeAg is associated with an increased risk of HCC.
Study 2: Risk of HCC across a biological gradient of serum HBV DNA level
Background Serum HBV DNA level is a marker of viral replication and efficacy of antiviral treatment in individuals with chronic hepatitis B. This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between serum HBV DNA level and risk of HCC.
Methods This is a prospective cohort study of 3,653 participants (aged 30-65 years), who were seropositive for HBsAg and seronegative for anti-HCV, recruited to a community-based cancer screening program in Taiwan between 1991 and 1992. The main outcome measure was incidence of HCC during follow-up examination and by data linkage with the national cancer registry and the death certification systems.
Results There were 164 incident cases of HCC and 346 deaths during a mean follow-up of 11.4 years and 41,779 person-years of follow-up. The incidence of HCC increased with serum HBV DNA level at study entry in a dose-response relationship ranging from 108 per 100,000 person-years for an HBV DNA level of <300 copies/mL to 1150 per 100,000 person-years for and HBV DNA level of ³1 million copies/mL. The corresponding cumulative incidence rates of HCC were 1.3% and 14.9%, respectively. The biological gradient of HCC by serum HBV DNA levels remained significant (P<0.001) after adjustment for sex, age, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption, serostatus for HBeAg, serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, and liver cirrhosis at study entry. The dose-response relationship was most prominent for participants who were seronegative for HBeAg with normal serum ALT levels and no liver cirrhosis at study entry. Participants with persistent elevation of serum HBV DNA level during follow-up had the highest HCC risk.
Conclusion Elevated serum HBV DNA level (³10,000 copies/mL) is a strong risk predictor of HCC independent of HBeAg, serum ALT level and liver cirrhosis.
Study 3: Predicting cirrhosis risk based on the level of circulating hepatitis B viral load
Background Cirrhosis develops as a result of hepatic inflammation and subsequent fibrosis in chronic hepatitis B infection. We report on the relationship between hepatitis B viremia and progression to cirrhosis in chronic hepatitis B infection.
Methods This was a population-based prospective cohort study of 3,582 untreated hepatitis B-infected patients established in Taiwan from 1991 to 1992. Serum samples were tested for HBV DNA on cohort entry serum samples and the diagnosis of cirrhosis was by ultrasound.
Results During a mean follow-up time of 11 years, the 3,582 patients contributed 40,038 person-years of follow-up evaluation and 365 patients were newly diagnosed with cirrhosis. The cumulative incidence of cirrhosis increased with the HBV DNA level and ranged from 4.5% to 36.2% for patients with a hepatitis B viral load of <300 copies/mL and ³106 copies/mL, respectively (P<0.001). In a Cox proportional hazards model adjusting for HBeAg status and serum ALT level among other variables, hepatitis B viral load was the strongest predictor of progression to cirrhosis. Hazard ratio (95% CI) was 2.5 (1.6-3.8); 5.6 (3.7-8.5); and 6.5 (4.1-10.2) for HBV DNA levels ³104-<105; ³105-<106; ³106 copies/mL, respectively.
Conclusions These data show that progression to cirrhosis in hepatitis B-infected persons is correlated strongly with the level of circulating virus. The risk of cirrhosis increases significantly with increasing HBV DNA levels and is independent of HBeAg status and serum ALT level.
Study 4: Risk of HCC associated with genotypes and mutants of HBV
Background The roles of genotypes and mutants of HBV in hepatocarcinogenesis remain to be elucidated. The specific aim of this study was to assess the risk of HCC associated with HBV genotypes, precore stop codon mutant (G1896A) and basal core promoter mutant (A1762T/G1764A).
Methods A cohort of 3,644 adult residents who were HBsAg-seropositive and anti-HCV-seronegative was enrolled from seven townships in Taiwan between 1991 and 1992. Blood samples at cohort entry were tested for HBV viral load and genotype. Baseline blood samples of 1,526 participants with a serum HBV DNA level ³104 copies/mL were further tested for HBV mutants of G1896A and A1762T/G1764A. Newly developed HCC was ascertained through follow-up health examinations and computerized data linkage to national cancer registry and death certification profiles.
Results By June 30 2004, there were 162 HCC cases occurred during 41,695 person-years of follow-up. The incidence rate per 100,000 person-years were 305.6 and 785.8, respectively, for participants infected with HBV genotype B and C; 269.4 and 955.5, respectively, for participants infected with G1896A mutant and wild-typed HBV; as well as 1149.2 and 358.7, respectively, for participants infected with A1762T/G1764A mutants and wild-typed HBV. The hazard ratio of HCC after adjustment for gender, age, HBV viral load, cigarette smoking, and alcohol drinking was 2.7 (95% CI, 1.9-3.7) for HBV genotype C compared with genotype B, 0.2 (95% CI, 0.1-0.4) for G1896A mutant compared with its wild type, and 2.7 (95% CI, 1.8-4.1) for A1762T/G1764A mutants compared with their wild types.
Conclusions Our data suggest that HBV genotype C and A1762T/G1764A mutants were independent risk factors for HCC. While the emergence of G1896A mutant conferred a protective effect on HCC, especially in HBeAg-seronegative participants.
Study 5: Model to predict HCC in patients with chronic hepatitis B infection
Background The risk of developing HCC for a particular individual with chronic hepatitis B over a specific period remained to be determined. The objective of this study was to develop models that can be used to predict HCC risk in an individual based on readily available clinical information.
Methods Information of 3,644 subjects as described in Study 4 was used in this analysis. Eleven baseline variables had a priori plausibility as risk factors were available in the dataset. Cox proportional hazards models were used to train models, for different sets of profiles selected from candidate risk factors, with HCC development and person-year of follow-up as outcomes. The regression coefficients derived from the Cox models were converted into integer risk scores and the predicted risks of HCC within 5 or 10 years were calculated for various risk scores. The score system and the predicted 5- and 10-year HCC risks were further translated into nomograms. The predictive accuracy was evaluated in terms of discrimination and calibration abilities with the use of Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve and area under the ROC curve; and the calibration chart. The comparison of predicted HCC risk by score and by model was illustrated using scatter plot.
Results Eight risk prediction models and nomograms were generated. These models demonstrated nice discrimination and calibration abilities. All areas under the ROC curves were greater than 0.8 and the predicted 5- and 10-year risks approximated to the corresponding actual risks in calibration charts. The HCC risk predicted by score correlated well with the risk predicted by model.
Conclusion The model and nomograms in this study may help clinicians in evaluating and explaining to patients their risk of HCC and may simplify the discussion of potential benefits from anti-viral therapies.
Subjects
B型肝炎病毒
病毒因子
肝細胞癌
肝硬化
B型肝炎e抗原
B型肝炎病毒DNA
B型肝炎病毒量
B型肝炎病毒基因型
B型肝炎病毒突變
Precore
Basal Core Promoter
風險預測模式
Hepatitis B Virus
Virus Factor
Liver Cirrhosis
Hepatocellular Carcinoma
Hepatitis B e Antigen, HBV DNA
Viral Load
HBV Genotype
HBV Mutants
Basal Core Promotor
Risk Prediction Model
SDGs
Type
thesis
File(s)![Thumbnail Image]()
Loading...
Name
ntu-95-F87842002-1.pdf
Size
23.31 KB
Format
Adobe PDF
Checksum
(MD5):8175c61cd5ba447986e9f6863013eaaa