A Brief Review of In Situ and Operando Electrochemical Analysis of Bacteria by Scanning Probes
Journal
Biosensors
Journal Volume
13
Journal Issue
7
Start Page
695
ISSN
20796374
Date Issued
2023
Author(s)
Darvishi, Sorour
Abstract
Bacteria are similar to social organisms that engage in critical interactions with one another, forming spatially structured communities. Despite extensive research on the composition, structure, and communication of bacteria, the mechanisms behind their interactions and biofilm formation are not yet fully understood. To address this issue, scanning probe techniques such as atomic force microscopy (AFM), scanning electrochemical microscopy (SECM), scanning electrochemical cell microscopy (SECCM), and scanning ion-conductance microscopy (SICM) have been utilized to analyze bacteria. This review article focuses on summarizing the use of electrochemical scanning probes for investigating bacteria, including analysis of electroactive metabolites, enzymes, oxygen consumption, ion concentrations, pH values, biofilms, and quorum sensing molecules to provide a better understanding of bacterial interactions and communication. SECM has been combined with other techniques, such as AFM, inverted optical microscopy, SICM, and fluorescence microscopy. This allows a comprehensive study of the surfaces of bacteria while also providing more information on their metabolic activity. In general, the use of scanning probes for the detection of bacteria has shown great promise and has the potential to provide a powerful tool for the study of bacterial physiology and the detection of bacterial infections. © 2023 by the authors.
Subjects
bacteria
biofilms
electrochemical active metabolites
metabolic activity
oxygen consumption
oxygen respiration
pH value
quorum sensing
scanning electrochemical microscopy
Publisher
Multidisciplinary Digital Publishing Institute (MDPI)
Type
review article