Chronic effects of imidacloprid on honey bee worker development—molecular pathway perspectives
Journal
International Journal of Molecular Sciences
Journal Volume
22
Journal Issue
21
Date Issued
2021
Author(s)
Abstract
Sublethal dosages of imidacloprid cause long-term destructive effects on honey bees at the individual and colony levels. In this review, the molecular effects of sublethal imidacloprid were integrated and reported. Several general effects have been observed among different reports using different approaches. Quantitative PCR approaches revealed that imidacloprid treatments during the adult stage are expressed as changes in immuneresponse, detoxification, and oxidation-reduction response in both workers and queens. In addition, transcriptomic approaches suggested that pho-totransduction, behavior, and somatic muscle development also were affected. Although worker larvae show a higher tolerance to imidacloprid than adults, molecular evidence reveals its potential impacts. Sublethal imidacloprid treatment during the larval stage causes gene expression changes in larvae, pupae, and adults. Transcriptome profiles suggest that the population and functions of affected differentially expressed genes, DEGs, vary among different worker ages. Furthermore, an early transcriptomic switch from nurse bees to foragers was observed, suggesting that precocious foraging activity may occur. This report comprehensively describes the molecular effects of sublethal dosages of imidacloprid on the honey bee Apis mellifera. The corresponding molecular pathways for physiological and neurological responses in imidacloprid-exposed honey bees were validated. Transcriptomic evidence suggests a global and sustained sublethal impact of imidacloprid on honey bee development. ? 2021 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Subjects
Bumble bee
Honey bee
Imidacloprid
Molecular effect
Sublethal dosage
imidacloprid
neonicotinoid
nitro derivative
transcriptome
animal
bee
drug effect
larva
metabolism
Animals
Bees
Larva
Neonicotinoids
Nitro Compounds
Transcriptome
Type
review