Immunological basis of genesis of hepatocellular carcinoma: Unique challenges and potential opportunities through immunomodulation
Journal
Vaccines
Journal Volume
8
Journal Issue
2
Date Issued
2020
Author(s)
Abstract
A majority of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) develops in the setting of persistent chronic inflammation as immunological mechanisms have been shown to play a vital role in the initiation, growth and progression of tumours. The index review has been intended to highlight ongoing immunological changes in the hepatic parenchyma responsible for the genesis and progression of HCC. The in-situ vaccine effect of radiofrequency (RF) is through generation tumour-associated antigens (TAAs), following necrosis and apoptosis of tumour cells, which not only re-activates the antitumour immune response but can also act in synergism with checkpoint inhibitors to generate a superlative effect with intent to treat primary cancer and distant metastasis. An improved understanding of oncogenic responses of immune cells and their integration into signaling pathways of the tumour microenvironment will help in modulating the antitumour immune response. Finally, we analyzed contemporary literature and summarised the recent advances made in the field of targeted immunotherapy involving checkpoint inhibitors along with RF application with the intent to reinstate antitumour immunity and outline future directives in very early and early stages of HCC. ? 2020 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Subjects
Carcinoma; Checkpoint inhibitors; Hepatocellular; Immunomodulation; Radiofrequency
SDGs
Other Subjects
atezolizumab; B7 antigen; CD56 antigen; CD86 antigen; checkpoint kinase inhibitor; cytotoxic T lymphocyte antigen 4; dabrafenib; durvalumab; gamma interferon; interferon; interleukin 10; interleukin 12; interleukin 2; ipilimumab; nivolumab; pembrolizumab; programmed death 1 ligand 1; programmed death 1 receptor; proteasome inhibitor; sorafenib; T cell immunoglobulin mucin 3; T lymphocyte receptor; ticilimumab; tumor antigen; tumor necrosis factor receptor superfamily member 9; unclassified drug; vasculotropin; apoptosis; cancer immunotherapy; CD4 lymphocyte count; cell infiltration; cell proliferation; cellular immunity; cytokine production; enzyme linked immunospot assay; epithelial mesenchymal transition; human; immune response; immunogenicity; immunological tolerance; immunology; immunomodulation; immunosuppressive treatment; liver cell carcinoma; liver resection; liver transplantation; prognostic assessment; radiofrequency radiation; recurrence free survival; Review; tumor immunity; tumor microenvironment; virus load
Publisher
MDPI AG
Type
review