因應氣候變遷之提升稻米品質策略
Journal
臺中區農業改良場特刊
Journal Issue
148
Pages
44-57
Date Issued
2023
Author(s)
Abstract
氣候變遷與全球暖化是目前人類所面臨的最重要議題，本世紀中的氣溫將上升2.4℃，世紀末更將面臨4.4℃的暖化，暖化的趨勢帶來產量與品質的顯著衝擊。稻米產業在面對未來嚴峻的氣候，亟需研擬因應之策，以穩定臺灣最重要糧食作物稻米的產銷與市場，本文將介紹稻米生產之各種因應策略，包括預警、栽培期調整、田間粒數管理、粒肥管理、灌溉管理及育種研究。預警策略則包括氣候預警與作物模式預估，結果顯示未來夜溫上升與缺水逆境更常發生，而導致稻米稔實率下降、白堊質粒率的增加與外觀品質的劣化。栽培期調整方面，可藉由一期作提早插秧或應用夏季單期作的系統來延後插秧，使穀粒充實期避開高溫風險，然而仍須考慮颱風與鳥害的風險。在田間粒數方面，以適當施肥與曬田管理來控制單位面積粒數，可提高可利用的碳水化合物，降低白堊質粒的發生。粒肥管理方面，則可在抽穗後增施適量氮肥，改善穀粒充實的生理活動，以減少白堊質粒率。灌溉管理方面，應用間歇灌溉、流水灌溉或深水灌溉，可促進根系發展以改善米質。而耐熱品種育成方面，目前許多米質相關基因已被定位且建立分子標誌，可作為育種的重要參考，但有部分基因是多基因調控或具基因多效性，在育種過程仍應謹慎注意。氣候變遷與全球暖化的趨勢與影響是動態的，稻米生產的策略擬定與執行也應該不斷進行討論與修正，這也是水稻研究人員未來主要的職責所在。
Climate change and global warming are the most important issues at present. The temperature will rise by 2.4 oC in the middle of this century, and even up to 4.4 oC in the end of the century. The trend of warming will lead to a significant impact on grain yield and quality. Facing the harsh climate in the future, the rice industry urgently needs to develop strategies to stabilize the production and market of rice in Taiwan. This article will introduce various coping strategies for rice production, including forecasting, adjustment of cultivation period, field grain number management, grain fertilizer management, irrigation management and breeding research. forecasting strategies include climate and crop model forecasts. The results show that rising night temperatures and water shortages will occur more frequently in the future, which will lead to a decrease in rice sterility, increase in chalky grain rate, and a deterioration in appearance quality. In terms of cultivation period adjustment, it is possible to advance or delay transplanting by using a single-phase cropping system in summer, so as to avoid the risk of high temperature during the grain filling period. However, the risk of typhoon and bird damage must still be considered. In terms of grain number in the field, controlling the grain number per area with proper fertilization and drying management can increase the available carbohydrates and reduce the occurrence of chalky particles. In terms of grain fertilizer management, an appropriate amount of nitrogen fertilizer can be applied after heading to improve the physiological activities of grain filling and reduce the chalky grain rate. In terms of irrigation management, the application of intermittent irrigation, running water irrigation or deep water irrigation can promote root development and improve rice quality. As for the breeding of heat-resistant varieties, many rice quality-related genes have been located and molecular markers have been established, which can be used as an important reference for breeding. However, some genes are polygenic or have pleiotropic effects, and caution should be paid during the breeding process. The trend and impact of climate change and global warming are dynamic, and the formulation and implementation of rice production strategies should also be discussed and revised continuously. This is also the main responsibility of rice researchers in the future.
Subjects
水稻
氣候變遷
暖化
米質
插秧期
產量構成要素
間歇灌溉
根系管理
耐熱品種
Rice
Climate change
Warming
Rice quality
Transplanting time
Yield component
Alternative wetting and drying (AWD)
Root management
Heat-tolerant variety
Type
journal article