Charxgen‐activated bamboo charcoal encapsulated in sodium alginate microsphere as the absorbent of uremic toxins to retard kidney function deterioration
Journal
International journal of molecular sciences
Journal Volume
21
Journal Issue
4
Date Issued
2020-02-13
Author(s)
Abstract
Indoxyl sulphate (IS) and p-cresyl sulphate (PCS) are two protein bound uraemic toxins accumulated in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and associated with adverse outcomes. The purpose of this study isto evaluate the effect of the new activated charcoal, CharXgen, on renal function protection and lowering serum uraemic toxins in CKD animal model. The physical character of CharXgen was analyzed before and after activation procedure by Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and X-ray diffractometer (XRD). The effect of CharXgen on biochemistry and lowering uremic toxins was evaluated by in vitro binding assay and CKD animal model. CharXgen have high interior surface area analyzed by SEM and XRD and have been produced from local bamboo after an activation process. CharXgen was able to effectively absorb IS, p-cresol and phosphate in an in vitro gastrointestinal tract simulation study. The animal study showed that CharXgen did not cause intestine blackening. Serum albuminand liver function did not change after feeding with CharXgen. Moreover, renal function was improved in CKD rats fed with CharXgen as compared to the CKD group, and there were no significant differences in the CKD and the CKD + AST-120 groups. Serum IS and PCS were higher in the CKD group and lower in rats treated with CharXgen and AST-120. In rats treated with CharXgen, Fibroblast growth factor 23 was significantly decreased as compared to the CKD group. This change cannot be found in rats fed with AST-120.It indicates that CharXgen is a new safe and non-toxic activated charcoal having potential in attenuating renal function deterioration and lowering protein-bound uraemic toxins. Whether the introduction of this new charcoal could further have renal protection in CKD patients will need to be investigated further.
Subjects
Bamboo charcoal; CharXgen; Chronic kidney disease; Fibroblast growth factor 23; Indoxyl sulphate; P-cresolsulphate
Bamboo charcoal; CharXgen; Chronic kidney disease; Fibroblast growth factor 23; Indoxyl sulphate; P?cresolsulphate
SDGs
Other Subjects
activated carbon; alginic acid; charxgen; fibroblast growth factor 23; indican; para cresol; phosphate; unclassified drug; 4-cresol sulfate; alginic acid; ast 120; carbon; charcoal; cresol; indican; microsphere; oxide; sulfate; toxin; animal experiment; animal model; Article; binding affinity; chronic kidney failure; controlled study; deterioration; Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy; in vitro study; kidney function; liver function; male; nanoencapsulation; nonhuman; pH; rat; renal protection; scanning electron microscopy; simulation; X ray diffraction; animal; blood; cell line; chemistry; chronic kidney failure; complication; disease model; human; pathology; Sasa; uremia; Alginates; Animals; Carbon; Cell Line; Charcoal; Cresols; Disease Models, Animal; Humans; Indican; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Microspheres; Oxides; Rats; Renal Insufficiency, Chronic; Sasa; Sulfuric Acid Esters; Toxins, Biological; Uremia
Publisher
MDPI
Type
journal article