A Pilot Assessment of Maleic Acid and Fumaric Acid Exposures through Foods
Date Issued
2015
Date
2015
Author(s)
Shih, I-Ting
Abstract
Maleic anhydride, mainly used in the manufacture of polyester resins for boats, autos, piping, and electrical goods. However, in 2013, maleic anhydride was found to be illegally adulterated into starch in Taiwanese traditional delicacies such as tapioca balls, Taiwanese meatballs and rice noodles. Once consumed, maleic anhydride will form maleic acid which may cause tubular injury and necrosis in the proximal tubules, primarily in the medullary rays, outer strip of the medulla. In dogs and rats, maleic acid produces a condition analogous to the human Fanconi syndrome, characterized by increasing urinary elimination of glucose, amino acids and other biochemical, resulting from impaired tubular reabsorption of these materials. On the other hand, fumaric acid, which is an isomer of maleic acid, has been used as a food acidulent since 1946. In this case, the aim of this study is to develop an analytical method to determine the total amount of maleic acid and fumaric acid in foods with liquid chromatography coupled with tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and assess the exposure in adults in Taiwan. Food samples were collected from supermarkets, chain supermarkets and custom-made beverages stores. Including instant coffee, tapioca starch, rice cake, fish cake, Taiwanese meatballs, tapioca balls, potato starch, chai lai rice flour, jelly bean, vermicelli and rice noodles. Samples were analyzed with C18 column after homogenization, addition of internal standards, base hydrolysis, absorption of lipid and filtration. This method provide good accuracy, precision and linearity. In 66 samples, 60 samples were found quantifiable residue of maleic acid and 39 samples were found quantifiable residue of fumaric acid. By using the residues and the intake rates collected from National food consumption database, life average daily dose (LADD) and hazard index (HI) were simulated by Bayesian Statistic Markov chain Monte Carlo (BSMCMC). As the result, we can suggest that the exposures to Maleic acid and fumaric acid through food consumption is unlikely to cause adverse health effect for 19-65 years-old adults in Taiwan.
Subjects
Maleic acid
Fumaric acid
LC-MS/MS
BSMCMC
SDGs
Type
thesis
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