Monitoring of ion release, bioavailability and ecotoxicity of thallium in contaminated paddy soils under rice cultivation conditions
Journal
Journal of Hazardous Materials
Journal Volume
424
Date Issued
2022
Author(s)
Abstract
Paddy soils contaminated by thallium (Tl) have been frequently reported; however, their ecotoxicological impact in the paddy field is less known. We used a novel soil–fish exposure system with larvae of rice fish medaka (Oryzias latipes) to assess the bioavailability of Tl from soils to fish and causal toxicity under simulated conditions of rice cultivation. Two acidic soils [Pingzhen (Pc) and Sankengtzu (Sk)] spiked with monovalent Tl [Tl(I), 75–250 mg/kg] released higher Tl+ into pore or overlying waters than neutral soils [Sangkang (Su)], which resulted in higher mortality to exposed fish. The addition of K fertilizers into the system did not significantly reduce Tl release and fish mortality, but a drainage/re-flooding treatment worked effectively. The acidic Pc soil contaminated with low Tl(I) (2.5 and 15 mg/kg) caused higher sublethal toxicity in medaka than the neutral Su soil, including altered growth and swimming behavior with increased Tl body burden. These Tl-induced effects by low-Tl soils were significantly alleviated by K addition. The Tl/K ratios in aqueous phases were correlated with the mortality or Tl body burden in exposed fish. This study provides useful bio-analytical evidence that can help assess the ecological risks of Tl pollution in paddy field-related ecosystems. ? 2021 Elsevier B.V.
Subjects
Drainage
K fertilizers
Medaka fish (Oryzias latipes)
Technological critical elements (TCEs)
Thallium (Tl)
Biochemistry
Cultivation
Fertilizers
Risk assessment
Soils
Thallium
Toxicity
Body burden
Ecotoxicity
Ion release
K fertilizer
Medaka fish (oryzia latipe)
Paddy fields
Paddy soils
Rice cultivation
Technological critical element
thallium
analysis
bioavailability
ecosystem
Oryza
soil
soil pollutant
toxicity
Biological Availability
Ecosystem
Soil
Soil Pollutants
Type
journal article