Class 1 integrons and the antiseptic resistance gene (qacE?1) in municipal and swine slaughterhouse wastewater treatment plants and wastewater-associated methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
Journal
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health
Journal Volume
12
Journal Issue
6
Pages
6249-6260
Date Issued
2015
Author(s)
Wan M.T.
Abstract
Class 1 integrons are mobile gene elements (MGEs) containing qacEΔ1 that are resistant to quaternary ammonium compound (QAC) disinfectants. This study compared the abundances of class 1 integrons and antiseptic resistance genes in municipal (M) and swine slaughterhouse (S) wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) and investigated the presence of class 1 integrons and antiseptic resistance genes in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolated from wastewater samples. The abundances of intI1 and qacEΔ1 genes in 96 wastewater samples were quantified using real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (real-time qPCR), and 113 MRSA isolates recovered from the wastewater samples were detected class 1 integrons and linked antiseptic resistance genes (qacEΔ1), and minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for QAC antiseptics. The intI1 and qacEΔ1 genes were detected in all the wastewater samples, and they were more abundant in S-WWTP samples than in M-WWTP samples. A higher percentage of MRSA isolates carried qacEΔ1 in MRSA from swine wastewater samples (62.8%) than in municipal MRSA (3.7%). All the MRSA isolates showed high MICs for antiseptic agents. This study provides important evidence regarding the abundances of intI1 and qacEΔ1 genes in municipal and swine slaughterhouse wastewater, and antiseptic-resistant MRSA strains were detected in swine slaughterhouse wastewater. © 2015 by the authors; licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland.
Subjects
Class 1 integrons and antiseptic resistance genes; Methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus; Wastewater
Other Subjects
benzalkonium chloride; benzethonium chloride; integrase; bacterial protein; disinfectant agent; integrase; integron integrase IntI1; topical antiinfective agent; waste water; bacterium; gene expression; inhibitor; municipal solid waste; polymerase chain reaction; waste treatment; wastewater; antibiotic resistance; antiseptic resistance gene; Article; bacterial gene; bacterium detection; bacterium isolate; class 1 integron gene; concentration (parameters); gene identification; integron; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; MIC50; MIC90; municipal solid waste; nonhuman; population abundance; quantitative analysis; real time polymerase chain reaction; sewage effluent; slaughterhouse; waste water; waste water treatment plant; water analysis; animal; chemistry; comparative study; genetics; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; microbial sensitivity test; microbiology; pig; polymerase chain reaction; methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Suidae; Abattoirs; Animals; Anti-Infective Agents, Local; Bacterial Proteins; Disinfectants; Integrases; Integrons; Methicillin-Resistant Staphylococcus aureus; Microbial Sensitivity Tests; Polymerase Chain Reaction; Real-Time Polymerase Chain Reaction; Swine; Waste Water
Type
journal article