The push-pull control strategies of light and indigenous plant essential oils against the important blood-sucking insects (Diptera) in Taiwan: study of mosquito (Culicidae) and Forcipomyia taiwana (Ceratopogonidae)
Date Issued
2016
Date
2016
Author(s)
Chang, I-Yun
Abstract
Mosquito (Culicidae) are the dominant vectors of pathogens that cause infectious disease such as malaria, yellow fever, and especially dengue in the world. Also, Forcipomyia taiwana is a diurnal, tiny, blood-sucking indigenous midge that solely feeds on human and distributes island-wide in Taiwan, either. Individuals expose to midge bites will develop intense pruritus and swelling immediately or delayed allergic responses, causing declination of quality of people’s daily life. Therefore, preventing biting of mosquitoes and nuisance of biting midges by trapping/repelling adults and eliminating larvae is important. This study aims to utilize push-pull strategies to develop an eco-friendly integrative control method, using light-based attraction tool for baiting adults of F. taiwana and to investigate the larvicidal activity of essential oils (EO) against F. taiwana larva, repellent activity of EO against F. taiwana adult and mosquitoes. The first results suggested that visible blue light (wavelength 400~450nm) attracted three times more F. taiwana than UVA light (wavelength 352 nm) and UVB light (wavelength 306 nm) in a small scale experiment, the attraction rate are 70.7%, 18.3% and 16.0% separately. However, as in a field study, visible red light (wavelength 630nm) has the highest attraction rate (7.4%) than visible blue light (1.8%), visible green light (2.2%), full spectra light (2.8%) and UV light (0%). Second, six kinds of EOs from leaves of plants (Cryptomeria japonica, Cinnamomun osmophloeum, Clausena excavate, Gaultheria cumingiana, Cinnamomun brevipedunculatum and Melaleuca alternifolia) were applied with regard to larvicidal activity of F. taiwana larva. The results showed that larvicidal activity of EO is ranged as below: C. osmophloeum = C. excavate > M. alternifolia > G. cumingiana > C. japonica > C. brevipedunculatum. To be more specific, C. osmophloeum completely suppressed larvae activities with a concentration of 7.9 μg/cm2. EO from C. excavate, M. alternifolia, G. cumingiana and C. brevipedunculatum showed larvicidal activity with 0%, 20%, 50% and 86.7% of larvae survived with concentration of 15.8 μg/cm2. Third, the repellency of C. japonica, C. osmophloeum and C. excavate against F. taiwana were evaluated at EO concentration 20%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.75%. 15% DEET is positive control. The results reveal that the average repellency of C. japonica ranged as 40.9±15%, 59.1±13.2%, 55.1±5.9%, 47±4.9% and 37.9±6.5% in 120 mins, which are all higher than 15% DEET’s repellency: 24.2±24.8%. Also, C. osmophloeum exhibited the best repellent activity ranged as 66.1±6.7%, 68.9±5.3%, 51.5±5.5%, 26.7±29.9% and 41.8±11.1% in 120 min, which are all higher than 15% DEET’s repellency: 20.5±11.8%, either. Forth, the repellency of C. japonica, C. osmophloeum and C. excavate against Aedes aegypti, Aedes albopictus, Culex tritaeniorhynchus and Armigeres subalbatus were evaluated at EO concentration 20%, 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1.75%. 15% DEET is positive control. The ANOVA statistics results showed that each kind of EO had repellency specificity toward different species of mosquitoes. For example, C. japonica had well repellency against Ae. aegypti, Cx. tritaeniorhynchus and Ar. subalbatus, yet it had repellency -2.7±22.4% and -7.4±23.7% toward Ae. albopictus at lower concentration 2.5% and 1.75% respectively, showed that it possessed attraction activity. Moreover, with Fisher least significant difference (LSD) Test, it showed that C. osmophloeum and C. japonica had higher repellency than C. excavate at high concentration 20% and 10%; besides, C. osmophloeum still exhibited highest repellency at low concentration 5%, 2.5% and 1.75%. Based on the above results, the EO of C. osmophloeum showed the greatest repellency. This study utilize the integrative concept of Push-Pull Control Strategy to determine the attraction rate of light trap toward F. taiwana adult in small scale and field study, the larvicidal activity of essential oils against F. taiwana larva, and the repellency of essential oils against F. taiwana adult and mosquito, providing an sustainable, feasible, and eco-friendly integrated methods for pest control. In the future, we expect that our promising findings can be widely applied into personal protection and outdoor environment control, in order to decrease the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases.
Subjects
vector control
push-pull control strategy
mosquito
Forcipomyia taiwana
light trap
essential oil
larvicidal activity
repellent activity
SDGs
Type
thesis
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