The effects and the toxicity increases caused by bicarbonate, chloride, and other water components during the UV/TiO2 degradation of oxazaphosphorine drugs
Journal
Environmental Science and Pollution Research
Journal Volume
24
Journal Issue
17
Pages
14595-14604
Date Issued
2017
Author(s)
Abstract
The influences of HCO3 −, Cl−, and other components on the UV/TiO2 degradation of the antineoplastic agents ifosfamide (IFO) and cyclophosphamide (CP) were studied in this work. The results indicated that the presence of HCO3 −, Cl−, NO3 −, and SO4 2− in water bodies resulted in lower degradation efficiencies. The half-lives of IFO and CP were 1.2 and 1.1 min and increased 2.3–7.3 and 3.2–6.3 times, respectively, in the presence of the four anions (initial compound concentration = 100 μg/L, TiO2 loading =100 mg/L, anion concentration = 1000 mg/L, and pH = 8). Although the presence of HCO3 − in the UV/TiO2/HCO3 − system resulted in a lower degradation rate and less byproduct formation for IFO and CP, two newly identified byproducts, P11 (M.W. = 197) and P12 (M.W. = 101), were formed and detected, suggesting that additional pathways occurred during the reaction of •CO3 − in the system. The results also showed that •CO3 − likely induces a preferred ketonization pathway. Besides the inorganic anions HCO3 −, Cl−, NO3 −, and SO4 2−, the existence of dissolved organic matter in the water has a significant effect and inhibits CP degradation. Toxicity tests showed that higher toxicity occurred in the presence of HCO3 − or Cl− during UV/TiO2 treatment and within 6 h of reaction time, implying that the effects of these two anions should not be ignored when photocatalytic treatment is applied to treat real wastewater. © 2017, Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg.
Subjects
Bicarbonate; Carbonate radical; Chloride; Cyclophosphamide; Dissolved organic matter; Ifosfamide; TiO2 photocatalysis
SDGs
Other Subjects
bicarbonate; catalysis; chloride; degradation; dissolved organic matter; drug; photolysis; pollutant removal; toxicity test; ultraviolet radiation; antineoplastic agent; bicarbonate; cyclophosphamide; ifosfamide; titanium; titanium dioxide; water; chemistry; oxidation reduction reaction; ultraviolet radiation; waste water; water management; water pollutant; Antineoplastic Agents; Bicarbonates; Cyclophosphamide; Ifosfamide; Oxidation-Reduction; Titanium; Ultraviolet Rays; Waste Water; Water; Water Pollutants, Chemical; Water Purification
Type
journal article