Extra-respiratory manifestations of COVID-19
Journal
International Journal of Antimicrobial Agents
Journal Volume
56
Journal Issue
2
Date Issued
2020
Author(s)
Abstract
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has become a global health threat. Although most patients with COVID-19 manifest fever and respiratory tract symptoms, SARS-CoV-2 infection may also involve other organs/systems and present with extra-respiratory manifestations, including cardiac, gastrointestinal, hepatic, renal, neurological, olfactory, gustatory, ocular, cutaneous and haematological symptoms. Occasionally, these extra-respiratory symptoms/signs represent the initial presentation of SARS-CoV-2 infection, prior to fever or respiratory manifestations. Therefore, this comprehensive review of the extra-respiratory manifestations of COVID-19 is intended to help clinicians better understand the range of clinical presentations associated with SARS-CoV-2 infection, allowing the consideration of COVID-19 in differential diagnoses. A screening test for SARS-CoV-2 should be performed when patients have these extra-respiratory manifestations. In addition, clinicians should be alerted to the adverse effects of anti-SARS-CoV-2 agents that can mimic the extra-respiratory manifestations of COVID-19. Moreover, some extra-respiratory manifestations, such as ocular and gastrointestinal involvement, may be caused by direct invasion of SARS-CoV-2. Therefore, protective measures should be taken while managing the associated clinical specimens. Finally, several extra-respiratory manifestations, such as cardiac involvement, acute kidney injury, coagulation disorders and thrombotic complications, could be associated with a poor prognosis. ? 2020 Elsevier Ltd
SDGs
Other Subjects
angiotensin converting enzyme 2; favipiravir; hydroxychloroquine; ivermectin; lopinavir plus ritonavir; remdesivir; ribavirin; teicoplanin; tocilizumab; umifenovir; abdominal pain; acne; acute kidney failure; ageusia; anaphylaxis; anemia; anosmia; Article; asthenia; ataxia; blood clotting disorder; cardiomyopathy; coronavirus disease 2019; depression; diarrhea; drug fever; drug safety; dysgeusia; eye disease; gastrointestinal symptom; hair loss; headache; heart arrhythmia; heart injury; human; hypercholesterolemia; hyperglycemia; hyperlipidemia; hypertension; hypoglycemia; hyposmia; immune deficiency; kidney dysfunction; leukopenia; liver dysfunction; liver injury; lymphocytopenia; mouth ulcer; muscle atrophy; nausea; nausea and vomiting; neuromuscular disease; nonhuman; porphyria; priority journal; prognosis; pruritus; psoriasis; psychosis; QT prolongation; rash; retinopathy; rhinopharyngitis; risk factor; seizure; Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2; shock; skin manifestation; thorax pain; thrombocytopenia; thrombosis; tinnitus; vertigo; viral conjunctivitis; virus shedding; virus transmission; vomiting; Betacoronavirus; Coronavirus infection; isolation and purification; pandemic; pathophysiology; virology; virus pneumonia; Betacoronavirus; Coronavirus Infections; Humans; Pandemics; Pneumonia, Viral
Type
journal article