Thermal treatment of decabrominated diphenyl ether in its highly contaminated soil in Taiwan
Journal
Chemosphere
Journal Volume
287
Date Issued
2022
Author(s)
Abstract
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs) were commonly used flame retardants in the world, while some of PBDEs have been listed as persistent organic pollutants (POPs). Decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209) was the most commercially used PBDEs. A farm near the factory located in Northern Taiwan was highly contaminated with BDE-209. Since PBDEs in the contaminated soils can be uptake by crops shown in our previous studies and could be potentially consumed by humans, it is very important to establish a feasible treatment method for PBDE remediation in this contaminated farm. Thermal treatment of PBDEs in soil was studied. The initial concentration of BDE-209 in contaminated soil was 1.472 mg/kg. A series of thermal experiments under different operating conditions including various temperature (105, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400 and 450 °C), holding time (10, 20 and 30 min), heating rate (5, 10, 20 and 40 °C/min), and soil amount (10, 100, 1000 and 2000 g) were investigated. The optimal heating conditions for thermal treatment of contaminated soil were heating at 450 °C for 30 min with a heating rate of 10 °C/min. Under this condition, the removal of BDE-209 in the different weights of contaminated soil was tested. The soils in the contaminated farm were tested to further evaluate the feasibility of remediating the on-site PBDE contaminated soil through thermal treatment, suggesting that the holding time was extended to 2 h for the field-scale contaminated soil. The results showed that BDE-209 had been removed to below the detection limit in on-site soil. This investigation is the first study using thermal treatment to remediate soils really contaminated with PBDEs. ? 2021
Subjects
Contaminated soil
Decabrominated diphenyl ether
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers
Soil remediation
Thermal treatment
Contamination
Ethers
Flame retardants
Heat treatment
Heating
Heating rate
Organic pollutants
Remediation
Soil conservation
Soils
BDE 209
Contaminated soils
Decabrominated diphenyl ether (BDE-209)
Holding time
Northern Taiwan
Organics
Polybrominated diphenylethers
Soils remediation
Thermal
Soil pollution
decabromodiphenyl ether
diphenyl ether derivative
flame retardant
heating
organic pollutant
PBDE
pollutant removal
soil pollution
soil remediation
temperature effect
Article
concentration (parameter)
controlled study
furnace
heat treatment
limit of detection
mass fragmentography
Taiwan
temperature
environmental monitoring
human
soil
soil pollutant
Environmental Monitoring
Flame Retardants
Halogenated Diphenyl Ethers
Humans
Soil
Soil Pollutants
SDGs
Type
journal article