The genetic diversity of mango (Mangifera indica L.) germplasm in Taiwan by high-throughput single-nucleotide polymorphism genotyping
Journal
PLANTS, PEOPLE, PLANET
Journal Issue
Online Version of Record before inclusion in an issue
ISSN
2572-2611
Date Issued
2025-08-05
Author(s)
Abstract
Social Impact Statement
Mango, the king of fruits, is important to daily life, nutrition, and households in South and Southeast Asia. It is considered the second most important fruit in Taiwan, where many varieties are available. Using high‐throughput DNA genotyping, we analyzed mango germplasm for variety identification, genebank management, and breeding. Our results confirm that mango was introduced to Taiwan from Indonesia by the Dutch in the 17th century. Consumer demands have shaped Taiwanese germplasm, with most accessions related to U.S. varieties, while recent crossbreeding enhances diversity, indicating market demands drive mango germplasm conservation and utilization.
Summary
Genetic diversity of mango germplasm collected feral fields and conserved in governmental orchards, identified by thousands of single‐nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) markers, is useful for variety identification, genebank management, and genetic improvement.
A total of 272 accessions conserved ex situ in orchards and 204 feral accessions were genotyped by genotyping‐by‐sequencing (GBS). Genetic diversities of the germplasm were analyzed using identity‐by‐descent, STRUCTURE, principal component analysis, phylogenetic, heterozygosity, inbreeding coefficient, and analysis of molecular variance.
A total of 2,356 SNPs with a density of 0–17 SNPs/Mb were obtained after linkage disequilibrium pruning and used for genetic analyses. A core collection of 168 accessions with high genetic diversity was selected after eliminating duplicated, synonymous, and homonymous accessions. Three subpopulations corresponding to Indian (64), Indochinese (61), and Admixture (43) types were classified, and the Indochinese type exhibiting the highest genetic diversity could be subdivided into four subpopulations. Forty‐seven (62.7%) of the 75 Taiwanese accessions were assigned to the Indian type, with ‘Haden,’ ‘Irwin,’ and ‘Kent’ being extensively used in breeding due to consumer preferences for colorful fruits. Indochinese and Admixture mangoes are also applied for genetic improvement later, exemplified by newly released varieties with various desired phenotypes. A few SNPs were detected in 3900‐year‐old landrace trees with polyembryony, demonstrating the high genetic stability of polyembryonic inheritance.
Genetic diversity of germplasm conserved for breeding is shaped by market demands. The high genetic stability of polyembryony in Indochinese mango, resulting in clonal propagation via seeds, is feasible.
Subjects
genetic diversity
germplasm
landrace
mango
polyembryony
SDGs
Publisher
Wiley
Type
journal article