莊子語言法式探析─以重合語、流轉語、雙遣語的考察為主

Abstract

本文之研究動機在於，學者多謂「莊子的表達方式，違反邏輯、不合邏輯」，亦即認為莊子的表述具有與邏輯無涉、不相應的「非邏輯」的特質，所以本文即由此出發，探討以下三項課題：（一）莊子書中時常出現的「正、反兩邊對舉，但卻時正時反，既不定於正、亦不定於反」的敘述方式，是否即為與邏輯無涉、不相應的「非邏輯」的表述？（二）其中是否涵藏著特屬於莊子的語言法式？（三）其語言法式是否有助於了解及說明道？

經過深入研究，以上三項課題均獲得證成：（一）莊子正反不定的敘述方式，的確涵藏著與邏輯無涉、不相應的「非邏輯」的特質，亦即其正反不定的敘述即為「非邏輯」的表述。（二）其中的確涵藏著莊子特有的「非邏輯」的語言法式；其「非邏輯的語言法式」計有三種類型：重合語（揭示：邏輯設定的相對概念，並無對待可言，而皆重疊相涵）、流轉語（揭示：邏輯設定的對立概念，並無對待之問題，而可往來流動）、雙遣語（揭示：邏輯設定的相待概念，均不存在，自亦無對待之問題），莊子即運用它們來表述「無待」哲思及無待之「道」。（三）「非邏輯的語言法式」的確有助於了解及說明道，且可彰顯莊子的意涵並不僅止於字面，幫助讀者避免因不了解莊子的敘述方式、以致誤會莊意。

The main motive of this thesis is about, “Scholars always says that Chuang Tzu’s techniques of expression disobey and does not confirm to logic.” In other words, they think Chuang Tzu’s expression of language has the transcendental characteristic beyond logic which is not concerning and relating with logic. As a result, this thesis proceeds from this main motive to probe it into three follow topics. First, the expression of Chuang Tzu’s work usually appears as, “confronting positions of positive and negative are contrastive, but now positive, now negative, and to be indefinite positive or negative.” Is the expression not concerning and relating with logic? Second, is there the law of language in Chuang Tzu’s work? Third, can that law of language help people to understand and to explain Tao?

Through deep-going research, three topic above-mentioned has all been verified. First, Chuang Tzu’s now positive, now negative expression has the characteristic of transcendental characteristic beyond logic which is not concerning and relating with logic indeed. In other words, his now positive, now negative expression is the expression of transcendental characteristic beyond logic. Second, there is a law of Chuang Tzu’s special expression of transcendental characteristic. There are three kinds of expressions of transcendental characteristic beyond logic: “The expression of Chong-her”（重合語） (The established logical concept about relativity is not contrastive but superimposed.) “The expression of Liou-juann”（流轉語） (There is no such problem of correlation in the established logical concept. The concept is a current which can flow to each other’s side.) “The expression of Shuang-chean” （雙遣語）(The established logical concept about relativity is not existent so there is no such problem of correlation.) Third, the law of transcendental characteristic beyond logic in Chuang Tzu’s language can help us to understand and to explain Tao. It can also show Chuang Tzu’s expression which not only exist in literal. And, it can help reader to avoid misunderstanding Chuang Tzu’s meaning with the result that misinterprets Chuang Tzu’s true intention.