閩語歷史層次分析與相關音變探討

Abstract

閩語是歷史層次疊積相當豐富的漢語方言，本文主要運用內部分析、方言比較與音韻系統檢視等方法，詳細辨析閩語的歷史層次分布，同時探究各次方言的層次疊置與音變現象的交互影響，以建立閩語各次方言的歷史層次對應關係，在明辨各歷史層次的系統特色後，進而推論各層次的歷史時間或地域來源。 本文第一章為緒論；第二章介紹閩語的地理分布，以及主要次方言閩南、閩東、閩北等區的音韻特點，並且強調閩語多重來源的實際形成歷史。第三章進行閩語韻讀的歷史層次分析，依據音讀特點與音韻關係截然有別的分層表現，我們認為閩語的韻讀系統在歷史分層上至少需要分為四項層次：唐宋文讀層、南朝江東層、晉代北方層以及上古層，其中南朝江東層與晉代北方層的地域差異性多過於時代變異性。第四章則進行閩語聲母與聲調的歷史層次分析，依據古全濁聲類的音讀表現，閩語的聲母系統在歷史分層上至少也需要分為四項層次：唐宋文讀層、江東層、北方層以及非漢語干擾層，其中北方層有部分古聲類帶有明顯的上古特色，其歷史時間可以上推至西晉以前，不完全等同於韻讀系統的晉代北方層；此外，古閩越語的母語使用者在學習古漢語時，依其音韻習性進行一系列的音韻調整改讀，遂形成具有系統特色的非漢語干擾層；由於閩北的古濁聲類保有複雜的多重層次異讀，與聲母音讀密切相關的聲調層次也就非常豐富，大致也能分為四項相應的聲調層次，然而相對於此，閩南、閩東由於古濁聲類沒有複雜的音讀差異，也就沒有豐富的層次差異，唯在濁母上聲與去聲部分有重要的層次表現；第五章著重討論語言接觸、層次疊置、語音變化與變異的交互作用，除了各類音變導致層次音讀的變動，更從不一樣的角度切入探究層次競爭所引發的音讀變化與結構重整；第六章總結本論文的重要研究成果，並且延伸思考在此研究基礎之上可以深入拓展的研究方向。

Min is the Chinese dialect which is full of rich strata. In this study, The author applies the methods of internal analysis; cross-dialectal comparison; and a survey of phonologic systems to differentiate the diachronic strata of Min. Furthermore, the author also clarifies the correlation between the diachronic strata and sound changes. Based on the distinguishing phonologic characteristics of every stratum and the reference to the relevant historical phonologic study, the probability of when every stratum was formed is discussed, as well as where every stratum probably originated. Chapter one is an introduction to this study. Chapter two introduces the geographical distribution of Min and the phonologic characteristics of southern Min, eastern Min and northern Min. Additionally, emphasis is placed on the actual history of Min combining multiple sources. Chapters three and four carry out the diachronic strata analysis of Min finals, initials and tones. The main conclusions are: (1) There are four strata of Min finals: the Tang-Song literary stratum; the Southern-dynasties jiang-tong stratum; the Jin northern stratum; and the archaic stratum. (2) There are four strata of Min initials as well: the Tang-Song literary stratum; the jiang-tong stratum; the northern stratum; and the one resulting from substratum interference. The northern stratum of Min initials could be traced back a time earlier than Jin. (3) It is very critical to differentiate the interference through shifting from the Min-Yue language to the archaic Chinese which spread to Min with the immigrants in Qin-Han. In chapter five clarifications are made of the correlation between language contact, the diachronic strata and sound changes or variation. In addition to the contact-induced sound changes and variation, the argument is made that the strata competition with a longer time period would result in systematic sound changes and structural integration. Finally, chapter six concludes this study and suggests prospective areas of further study.