理之全體──湛甘泉「隨處體認天理」工夫論重探

Abstract

湛甘泉（1466-1560）是明代中葉著名學者。身為陳白沙的弟子，又是王陽明的摯交，他的思想繼承了江門的「自然」之學，且在當時以「隨處體認天理」宗旨與姚江「致良知」之學分庭抗禮，可謂大家。然在甘泉歿後，明代晚期由陽明後學續領風騷，江門之學則漸失其傳。本論文試圖指出，甘泉思想的核心精神在於建立一能夠完整該括聖賢學問的「渾全之學」，使他在各個面向上皆保持著對「理之全體」的觀照；也相對地重視「中正」的把柄，而以「中正」和「全體」兩個向度架構起一宏闊而完備的思想體系，更尤其反映在其扎實、縝密的工夫論上。希望藉此勾勒出甘泉思想的面貌，並且重新肯定甘泉思想的意義與價值。 第一章「緒論」首先說明研究主題與動機，在文獻回顧的基礎上，試圖提出一詮釋角度，並對於研究方法與章節安排作一總述。第二章「甘泉對『理之全體』的觀照」切入正題，上溯其理論淵源，與在此觀照之下形成的本體論：在理氣論上強調「理氣合一」，心性論上則主張「大心說」，皆反映其理論架構的宏闊。 第三章「在對『理之全體』觀照下的工夫論」，第四章「『隨處體認天理』工夫論重探」則進一步重新探究甘泉謹慎而綿密的工夫論述，在「勿忘勿助」、「知行並進」、「格物」等工夫項目上，保持著對「中正」與「全體」的把握，逐步統歸至其宗旨「隨處體認天理」之下；並討論甘泉與白沙之間以「自然」為脈絡的繼承關係，「以自然之工夫合自然之本體」是其思想在「理之全體」觀照下的最終境界。 第五章「結論」綜合以上論述作一個總結，正面肯定甘泉思想的價值意義，並嘗試指出他不同於程朱理學與陸王心學的面向，以及其學之所以逐漸沒落的原因。

Zhan Ganquan (1466-1560) was a well-known scholar during the Ming dynasty. As a disciple of Chen Baisha, his thought was deeply influenced by the “nature” school of Guangdong. And while he was a close friend of Wang Yangming, his idea of experiencing the Heavenly Principle everywhere was, for a time, considered to be a serious competitor with Yangming’s philosophy of “extending innate knowledge”. However, the Guangdong tradition passed into obscurity after his death, while Yangming’s school of thought went on to play an important role until the end of the Ming dynasty. This thesis will attempt to show the essential core of Zhan’s thought to be a holistic conception that enabled him to focus on the wholeness of principle at all times and in all respects. At the same time, he was committed to “correctness” as being the key, in conjunction with this “wholeness”, to establishing an all-embracing system of thought. This is particularly noticeable with respect to his pragmatic, thorough theory of praxis. We hope to present a description of Zhan’s thought that will bring out its importance and value.