《老子》文本形成的形式規律── 從認知圖式對簡本、帛本及傳世本進行的新觀察

Abstract

竹簡《老子》出土引發了《老子》文本形成問題的探討。本文則嘗試回歸文本，從認知心理學認知圖式的角度詮釋簡本、帛本及傳世本間文句異同的現象，思考文本形成的形式規律。而《老子》「正言若反」一語不但說明了文本在符號上的形成規律，而且暗示了心理上「正若反」的認知圖式，故本文將由此出發，由句而句組而章而章組而篇，比較分析各版本間文本異同，依次確認「某非某」與「某若非某」的單句形成規律；「平行」與「迴環」的句組形成規律；「重複並置」與「連續推移」的單章形成規律；「若有似無」的章組形成規律；「若無似有」的單篇及篇組形成規律。總的來說，則是文本在字句章篇各層面均以各自的規律違背日語清晰明確的習慣，形成恍惚混沌的關聯，從而瓦解人們有如石頭般執著的意念，達到「反者，道之動」的作用與「道亙亡名」的境界。如此，便也闡釋了《老子》文本自由離合、重略與增減的特性以及不同版本的形成原因與途徑。初步嘗試，尚祈 指正。

This paper aims to uncover the formation of the text of Lao Tzu not through the perspective of history and philosophy, but through the perspective of language and cognitive psychology. We begin with a comparison of all extant texts of Lao Tzu, including the bamboo version, the silk version, and all the other versions that we can find nowadays. We then proceed to analyze the text from various levels, such as word, sentence, chapter and volume in Lao Tzu. Our analytical perspective is derived from two propositions of Lao Tzu itself, namely daoheng wuming(道亙亡名）and zhengyan ruofan(正言若反）. We propose that there exists a “zhengruofan”(正若反）cognitive schema between dao(道）and yan(言）. Our conclusion is that this cognitive schema determines the constructive regularities of the text of Lao Tzu on different levels, such as word, sentence, chapter and volume. With this study we wish to demonstrate a new approach combining linguistics and psychology to the study of classical Chinese texts.