〈豳風〉傳統《詩》說與周公形象 = The Rendition of the Duke of Zhou in"Odes of Bin"

Abstract

今本《詩經》305篇中，〈豳風〉七篇獨具特殊意義與地位，傳統《詩》說均目之為與周公有關的詩作。其位居十五〈國風〉之末，與〈風〉詩之首的二〈南〉遙相對應，其下則啟二〈雅〉三〈頌〉，篇次安排似別有深意。〈豳〉詩尤以〈七月〉最富盛名，一般多認為是周公追述先豳王業的作品，其下尚有〈鴟鴞〉、〈東山〉、〈破斧〉、〈伐柯〉、〈九罭〉及〈狼跋〉六首，亦皆與周公生涯事蹟深相關涉。本文考索前代〈豳風〉《詩》說，董理大要，以標立其間所反映的周公形象。〈七月〉見其重視農政，心繫民生；〈鴟鴞〉見其忍垢含辛，仔肩至重；〈東山〉見其久歷戎馬，與士卒同情共感；〈破斧〉見其為國征戰，克難扶傾；〈伐柯〉見其秉心忠直，終無損於疑謗，周王設宴禮迎，君臣重修舊好；〈九罭〉見其深孚眾望，人心同所歸趨；〈狼跋〉見其飽經憂患，終不減聖哲氣度。重檢〈豳風〉一過，可領略《詩序》「以史說《詩》」特有其系統性，尤能投射周公的生涯傳奇和儀型典範。 附帶言之，學界於「周公稱王」與否的爭論猶存。自今而後，除結合近年新出清華簡的相關研究外，吾人亦應重視《逸周書》的重新解讀，希望借助新材料、新詮述，對於傳統經說、史論中的周公，能賦予更豐實的形象意涵。

The seven pieces of “Odes of Bin” in Classic of Poetry celebrate the achievement of the Duke of Zhou. They are the last of the fifteen pieces in “Airs of the States” and echo the first pieces of “Odes of Zhou and Shao”, and are followed by “Odes of the kingdom” and “Odes of the temple and the altar.” The most well-known poem in “Bin” is “The Seventh Month,” a piece by the Duke of Zhou about the achievement of the predecessor. The rest of the pieces, “Owl,” “The Hills of the East,” “Broken Axes,” “Hewing Ax Handle,” “Nine-Bag Net,” and “The Wolf’s Trample,” are about the life of the Duke of Zhou. This paper seeks to examine the life and image of the Duke of Zhou by means of a close reading of “Odes of Bin.” “The Seventh Month” shows his concern for agriculture and the well-being of the people. “Owl” is about how he overcomes challenges and difficulties. In “The Hills of the East,” he fights with soldiers and forms deep bonds with them. “Broken Axes” talks about how he leads battles and retrieves lost territories for Zhou. “Hewing Ax Handle” shows how his integrity wins the trust of the ruler. “Nine-Bag Net” is about how he is well liked and respected by the people. “The Wolf’s Trample” shows how he endures hardship and adversity as a saint. The approach of “Shi Xu” is to tell history through poems. The legendary life of the Duke of Zhou works as the prime example. Critics are divided on whether the Duke of Zhou ends up as the ruler. The newly found materials and recent studies like the Tsinghua Bamboo Slips as well as the re-examination of Yi Zhou Shu would help achieve a more in-depth understanding of the Duke of Zhou.